<s>
The	O
Olivetti	B-Device
Programma	I-Device
101	I-Device
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Perottina	B-Device
or	O
P101	O
,	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
"	O
all	O
in	O
one	O
"	O
commercial	O
desktop	O
programmable	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
,	O
although	O
not	O
the	O
first	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
usually	O
called	O
a	O
printing	O
programmable	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
or	O
desktop	O
calculator	B-Application
because	O
its	O
arithmetic	O
instructions	O
correspond	O
to	O
calculator	B-Application
operations	O
,	O
while	O
its	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
(	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
conditional	O
jump	O
)	O
and	O
structure	O
qualifies	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
stored-program	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
was	O
designed	O
by	O
Olivetti	O
engineer	O
Pier	O
Giorgio	O
Perotto	O
in	O
Ivrea	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
1961	O
Olivetti	O
computer	O
co-developed	O
by	O
Federico	O
Faggin	O
that	O
served	O
as	O
a	O
model	O
for	O
the	O
programmable	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
predated	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
no	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
were	O
used	O
since	O
they	O
were	O
in	O
their	O
infancy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
direct	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
team	O
focus	O
on	O
human-centered	O
objectives	O
was	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
a	O
removable	O
magnetic	O
card	O
to	O
store	O
programmed	O
calculation	O
,	O
a	O
revolutionary	O
item	O
for	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
allowing	O
anyone	O
to	O
just	O
insert	O
it	O
and	O
execute	O
any	O
program	B-Application
in	O
a	O
few	O
seconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
's	O
design	O
would	O
earn	O
the	O
Mario	O
Bellini	O
the	O
Compasso	O
d'Oro	O
Industrial	O
Design	O
Award	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
can	O
calculate	O
the	O
four	O
basic	O
arithmetic	O
functions	O
(	O
addition	O
,	O
subtraction	O
,	O
multiplication	O
,	O
and	O
division	O
)	O
,	O
plus	O
square	O
root	O
,	O
absolute	O
value	O
,	O
and	O
fractional	O
part	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
equipped	O
with	O
memory	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
with	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
clear	O
,	O
transfer	O
,	O
and	O
exchange	O
,	O
plus	O
printing	O
and	O
halt	O
for	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	O
is	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
simpler	O
than	O
the	O
assembly	O
of	O
the	O
contemporary	O
computers	O
,	O
as	O
there	O
are	O
fewer	O
options	O
and	O
allowed	O
to	O
use	O
directly	O
arithmetic	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
directs	O
the	O
exchange	O
between	O
memory	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
and	O
calculation	O
registers	O
,	O
and	O
operations	O
in	O
the	O
registers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
not	O
stated	O
in	O
the	O
General	O
Manual	O
and	O
only	O
in	O
some	O
Programming	O
Manual	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
"	O
modified	O
jump	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
to	O
go	O
back	O
to	O
different	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
program	B-Application
from	O
the	O
same	O
subroutine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
10	O
memory	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
:	O
three	O
for	O
operations	O
(	O
M	O
,	O
A	O
,	O
R	O
)	O
;	O
two	O
for	O
storage	O
(	O
B	O
,	O
C	O
)	O
;	O
three	O
for	O
storage	O
and/or	O
program	B-Application
(	O
assignable	O
as	O
needed	O
:	O
D	O
,	O
E	O
,	O
F	O
)	O
;	O
and	O
two	O
for	O
program	B-Application
only	O
(	O
p1	O
,	O
p2	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
full	O
register	B-General_Concept
holds	O
a	O
22-digit	O
number	O
with	O
sign	O
and	O
decimal	O
point	O
or	O
24	O
instructions	O
each	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
letter	O
and	O
a	O
symbol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
Modified	B-Device
Harvard	I-Device
architecture	I-Device
where	O
data	O
registers	O
and	O
instruction	O
register	B-General_Concept
are	O
clearly	O
separated	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
allows	O
for	O
some	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
instruction	O
registers	O
under	O
some	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
was	O
a	O
common	O
feature	O
in	O
the	O
'	O
60s	O
desktop	O
computer/programmable	O
calculator	O
and	O
only	O
HP	O
provided	O
a	O
true	O
Von	B-Architecture
Neumann	I-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
which	O
allowed	O
for	O
self-modifying	B-Application
code	I-Application
,	O
similarly	O
to	O
the	O
contemporary	O
general-purpose	O
mainframes	O
and	O
minicomputers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
registers	O
are	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
card	O
;	O
two	O
registers	O
are	O
dedicated	O
to	O
the	O
program	B-Application
code	O
,	O
the	O
other	O
three	O
registers	O
(	O
D	O
,	O
E	O
,	O
F	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
code	O
and/or	O
numbers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
instructions	O
the	O
left	O
nibble	O
stores	O
the	O
affected	O
register	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
right	O
nibble	O
the	O
instruction	O
,	O
while	O
in	O
digits	O
the	O
first	O
nibble	O
stores	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
number	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
sign	O
or	O
the	O
decimal	O
place	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
last	O
nibble	O
stores	O
the	O
actual	O
digit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
prints	O
programs	O
and	O
results	O
onto	O
a	O
roll	O
of	O
paper	O
tape	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
calculator	B-Application
or	O
cash	O
register	B-General_Concept
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
was	O
launched	O
at	O
the	O
1964	O
New	O
York	O
World	O
's	O
Fair	O
,	O
attracting	O
major	O
interest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
were	O
sold	O
to	O
NASA	O
and	O
used	O
to	O
plan	O
the	O
Apollo	O
11	O
landing	O
on	O
the	O
Moon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
simulators	O
for	O
the	O
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
's	O
function	O
have	O
developed	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
2016	O
-	O
simulator	O
of	O
the	O
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
developed	O
at	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Information	O
Engineering	O
and	O
Electrical	O
Engineering	O
of	O
University	O
of	O
Cassino	O
,	O
supervision	O
of	O
Eng	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Tecnologicamente	O
Museum	O
in	O
Ivrea	O
has	O
a	O
Java	O
simulator	O
of	O
the	O
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
written	O
by	O
Giuliano	O
Gaiti	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
Perotto	O
's	O
collaborators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
Olivetti	O
employee	O
Marco	O
Galeotti	O
created	O
a	O
full	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
(	O
IDE	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
Programma	B-Device
101	I-Device
,	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
simpler	O
programming	O
and	O
some	O
debug	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
