<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
techniques	O
relating	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
data	O
science	O
and	O
process	O
management	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
operational	O
processes	O
based	O
on	O
event	O
logs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
is	O
to	O
turn	O
event	O
data	O
into	O
insights	O
and	O
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
data	O
science	O
,	O
fueled	O
by	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
event	O
data	O
and	O
the	O
desire	O
to	O
improve	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
use	O
event	O
data	O
to	O
show	O
what	O
people	O
,	O
machines	O
,	O
and	O
organizations	O
are	O
really	O
doing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
provides	O
novel	O
insights	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
executional	O
path	O
taken	O
by	O
operational	O
processes	O
and	O
address	O
their	O
performance	O
and	O
compliance	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
starts	O
from	O
event	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Input	O
for	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
uses	O
these	O
event	O
data	O
to	O
answer	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
process-related	O
questions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
main	O
classes	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
:	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
,	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
process	O
enhancement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
terms	O
like	O
Workflow	B-Protocol
Mining	O
and	O
Automated	B-Algorithm
Business	I-Algorithm
Process	I-Algorithm
Discovery	I-Algorithm
(	O
ABPD	O
)	O
were	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
when	O
no	O
formal	O
description	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
by	O
other	O
approaches	O
,	O
or	O
when	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
existing	O
documentation	O
is	O
questionable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
application	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
methodology	O
to	O
the	O
audit	O
trails	O
of	O
a	O
workflow	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	O
,	O
the	O
transaction	O
logs	O
of	O
an	O
enterprise	O
resource	O
planning	O
system	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
electronic	B-Application
patient	I-Application
records	I-Application
in	O
a	O
hospital	O
can	O
result	O
in	O
models	O
describing	O
processes	O
of	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contemporary	O
management	O
trends	O
such	O
as	O
BAM	O
(	O
Business	B-Application
Activity	I-Application
Monitoring	I-Application
)	O
,	O
BOM	O
(	O
Business	O
Operations	O
Management	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
BPI	O
(	O
business	O
process	O
intelligence	O
)	O
illustrate	O
the	O
interest	O
in	O
supporting	O
diagnosis	O
functionality	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
Business	O
Process	O
Management	O
technology	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Workflow	B-Protocol
Management	I-Protocol
Systems	O
and	O
other	O
process-aware	O
information	O
systems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
is	O
different	O
from	O
mainstream	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
try	O
to	O
discover	O
end-to-end	O
process	O
models	O
that	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
describe	O
sequential	O
,	O
choice	O
relation	O
,	O
concurrent	O
and	O
loop	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
are	O
closer	O
to	O
optimization	O
than	O
to	O
traditional	O
learning	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	O
Task	O
Force	O
on	O
Process	B-Algorithm
Mining	I-Algorithm
was	O
established	O
in	O
October	O
2009	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Computational	O
Intelligence	O
Society	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
vendor-neutral	O
organization	O
aims	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
research	O
,	O
development	O
,	O
education	O
and	O
understanding	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
,	O
make	O
end-users	O
,	O
developers	O
,	O
consultants	O
,	O
and	O
researchers	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
state-of-the-art	O
in	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
,	O
promote	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
and	O
tools	O
and	O
stimulate	O
new	O
applications	O
,	O
play	O
a	O
role	O
in	O
standardization	O
efforts	O
for	O
logging	O
event	O
data	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
XES	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
wrote	O
the	O
Process	B-Algorithm
Mining	I-Algorithm
Manifesto	O
which	O
was	O
translated	O
into	O
16	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
"	O
was	O
first	O
coined	O
in	O
a	O
research	O
proposal	O
written	O
by	O
the	O
Dutch	O
computer	O
scientist	O
Wil	O
van	O
der	O
Aalst	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
,	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
were	O
often	O
convoluted	O
with	O
the	O
techniques	O
used	O
for	O
workflow	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
,	O
the	O
very	O
first	O
practically	O
applicable	O
algorithm	O
for	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
,	O
"	O
Alpha	B-Algorithm
miner	I-Algorithm
"	I-Algorithm
was	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
along	O
the	O
link	O
more	O
powerful	O
algorithms	O
such	O
as	O
inductive	B-Algorithm
miner	I-Algorithm
were	O
developed	O
for	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
began	O
to	O
evolve	O
,	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
became	O
an	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
year	O
2004	O
earmarked	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
"	O
Token-based	B-Algorithm
replay	I-Algorithm
"	O
for	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
the	O
mainstream	O
techniques	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
and	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
,	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
branched	O
out	O
into	O
multiple	O
areas	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
discovery	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
"	O
Performance	O
analysis	O
"	O
,	O
""	O
and	O
"	O
Organizational	O
mining	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
year	O
2005	O
and	O
2006	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
year	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
first-ever	O
commercial	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
company	O
"	O
Futura	O
Pi	O
"	O
was	O
established	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
""	O
,	O
a	O
governing	O
body	O
was	O
formed	O
in	O
the	O
year	O
2009	O
that	O
began	O
to	O
overlook	O
the	O
norms	O
and	O
standards	O
related	O
to	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
techniques	O
were	O
developed	O
for	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
which	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
publishing	O
of	O
""	O
in	O
the	O
year	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
first-ever	O
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
book	O
was	O
published	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
along	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
a	O
MOOC	O
course	O
was	O
offered	O
by	O
Coursera	O
on	O
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
year	O
2018	O
,	O
nearly	O
30+	O
commercially	O
available	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
tools	O
were	O
in	O
the	O
picture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
year	O
2019	O
earmarked	O
the	O
first	O
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
we	O
have	O
over	O
35	O
vendors	O
offering	O
tools	O
and	O
techniques	O
for	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
and	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
should	O
be	O
viewed	O
as	O
a	O
bridge	O
between	O
data	O
science	O
and	O
process	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
focuses	O
on	O
transforming	O
event	O
log	O
into	O
a	O
meaningful	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
which	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
several	O
data	O
science	O
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
related	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
categories	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
Discovery	I-Algorithm
:	O
The	O
first	O
step	O
in	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
goal	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
is	O
to	O
transform	O
the	O
event	O
log	O
into	O
a	O
process	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
is	O
generally	O
a	O
process	O
model	O
which	O
is	O
representative	O
of	O
the	O
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
a	O
process	O
model	O
can	O
be	O
discovered	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
using	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
alpha	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
(	O
a	O
didactically	O
driven	O
approach	O
)	O
,	O
,	O
or	O
inductive	B-Algorithm
miner	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
established	O
techniques	O
exist	O
for	O
automatically	O
constructing	O
process	O
models	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Petri	O
nets	O
,	O
BPMN	B-Architecture
diagrams	I-Architecture
,	O
activity	O
diagrams	O
,	O
State	B-Application
diagrams	I-Application
,	O
and	O
EPCs	O
)	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
research	O
has	O
started	O
targeting	O
other	O
perspectives	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
data	O
,	O
resources	O
,	O
time	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nowadays	O
,	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
streaming	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
"	O
are	O
being	O
developed	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
continuous	O
online	O
data	O
that	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
on	O
the	O
spot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
:	O
Helps	O
in	O
comparing	O
an	O
event	O
log	O
with	O
an	O
existing	O
process	O
model	O
to	O
analyse	O
the	O
discrepancies	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
deviations	O
(	O
compliance	O
checking	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
evaluate	O
the	O
discovery	O
algorithms	O
,	O
or	O
enrich	O
an	O
existing	O
process	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
has	O
various	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
token-based	B-Algorithm
replay	I-Algorithm
"	O
,	O
"	O
streaming	B-Algorithm
conformance	I-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
"	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
needs.Then	O
classical	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
techniques	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
see	O
which	O
data	O
elements	O
influence	O
the	O
choice	O
.	O
</s>
