<s>
ProQuest	B-Library
LLC	I-Library
is	O
an	O
Ann	O
Arbor	O
,	O
Michigan-based	O
global	O
information-content	O
and	O
technology	O
company	O
,	O
founded	O
in	O
1938	O
as	O
University	B-Library
Microfilms	I-Library
by	O
Eugene	O
Power	O
,	O
a	O
BA	O
and	O
MBA	O
graduate	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
ProQuest	B-Library
is	O
known	O
for	O
its	O
applications	O
and	O
information	O
services	O
for	O
libraries	O
,	O
providing	O
access	O
to	O
dissertations	O
,	O
theses	O
,	O
ebooks	O
,	O
newspapers	O
,	O
periodicals	O
,	O
historical	O
collections	O
,	O
governmental	O
archives	O
,	O
cultural	O
archives	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
aggregated	O
databases	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
tools	O
for	O
discovery	O
and	O
citation	B-Application
management	I-Application
,	O
and	O
platforms	O
that	O
allow	O
library	O
users	O
to	O
search	O
,	O
manage	O
,	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
share	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
1	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Clarivate	O
bought	O
ProQuest	B-Library
from	O
Cambridge	O
Information	O
Group	O
for	O
$5.3	O
billion	O
in	O
what	O
was	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
huge	O
deal	O
in	O
the	O
library	O
and	O
information	O
publishing	O
world	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clarivate	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
operational	O
concept	O
behind	O
the	O
acquisition	O
was	O
integrating	O
ProQuest	B-Library
's	O
products	O
and	O
applications	O
with	O
Web	B-Library
of	I-Library
Science	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
ProQuest	B-Library
was	O
founded	O
as	O
a	O
microfilm	O
publisher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
began	O
publishing	O
doctoral	O
dissertations	O
in	O
1939	O
,	O
has	O
published	O
more	O
than	O
3	O
million	O
searchable	O
dissertations	B-Library
and	I-Library
theses	I-Library
,	O
and	O
is	O
designated	O
as	O
an	O
offsite	O
digital	O
archive	O
for	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Library	O
of	O
Congress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
's	O
scholarly	O
content	O
includes	O
dissertations	B-Library
and	I-Library
theses	I-Library
,	O
primary	O
source	O
material	O
,	O
ebooks	O
,	O
scholarly	O
journals	O
,	O
historical	O
and	O
current	O
newspapers	O
and	O
periodicals	O
,	O
data	O
sources	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
content	O
of	O
interest	O
to	O
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ProQuest	B-Library
Video	O
Preservation	O
and	O
Discovery	O
Service	O
,	O
allows	O
libraries	O
to	O
preserve	O
and	O
provide	O
access	O
to	O
their	O
proprietary	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
collections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2014	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
LLC	I-Library
also	O
operated	O
businesses	O
under	O
the	O
following	O
names	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Bowker	B-Library
provides	O
bibliographic	O
information	O
management	O
solutions	O
to	O
publishers	O
,	O
libraries	O
and	O
booksellers	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
ISBN	B-Library
Agency	O
for	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dialog	B-Application
is	O
an	O
online	O
information	O
service	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
1.4	O
billion	O
unique	O
records	O
curated	O
for	O
corporate	O
,	O
business	O
and	O
government	O
researchers	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
pharmaceutical	O
,	O
engineering	O
and	O
patent	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eugene	O
Power	O
,	O
a	O
1927	O
BA	O
and	O
1930	O
MBA	O
graduate	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	B-Device
,	O
founded	O
the	O
company	O
as	O
University	B-Library
Microfilms	I-Library
in	O
1938	O
,	O
preserving	O
works	O
from	O
the	O
British	O
Museum	O
on	O
microfilm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
autobiography	O
Edition	O
of	O
One	O
,	O
Power	O
details	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
including	O
how	O
University	B-Library
Microfilms	I-Library
assisted	O
the	O
OSS	O
during	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ProQuest	B-Library
still	O
publishes	O
so	O
many	O
dissertations	O
that	O
its	O
Dissertations	B-Library
and	I-Library
Theses	I-Library
collection	O
(	O
formerly	O
called	O
Digital	O
Dissertations	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
declared	O
the	O
official	O
U.S.	O
off-site	O
repository	O
of	O
the	O
Library	O
of	O
Congress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
's	O
main	O
newspaper	O
database	O
is	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Newsstand	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
Xerox	O
's	O
ownership	O
,	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
changed	O
several	O
times	O
,	O
from	O
University	B-Library
Microfilms	I-Library
to	O
Xerox	B-Library
University	I-Library
Microfilms	I-Library
,	O
to	O
University	B-Library
Microfilms	I-Library
International	I-Library
,	O
then	O
shortened	O
to	O
UMI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
UMI	O
acquired	O
Data	O
Courier	O
,	O
owner	O
of	O
ABI/INFORM	B-Library
,	O
from	O
the	O
Bingham	O
family	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
UMI	O
began	O
producing	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
that	O
stored	O
databases	B-Library
of	O
periodicals	O
abstracts	O
and	O
indexes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
a	O
time	O
when	O
modem	O
connections	O
were	O
slow	O
and	O
expensive	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
more	O
efficient	O
to	O
mail	O
database	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
regularly	O
to	O
subscribing	O
libraries	O
,	O
who	O
installed	O
the	O
discs	O
on	O
dedicated	O
PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ProQuest	B-Library
brand	O
name	O
was	O
first	O
used	O
for	O
databases	B-Library
on	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
online	O
service	O
called	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Direct	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1995	O
;	O
its	O
name	O
was	O
later	O
shortened	O
to	O
just	O
ProQuest	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bibliographic	B-Library
databases	I-Library
are	O
mainly	O
sold	O
to	O
schools	O
,	O
universities	O
and	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
work	O
continues	O
to	O
digitize	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
microfilm	O
vault	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
is	O
already	O
providing	O
navigation	O
of	O
125	O
billion	O
digital	O
pages	O
,	O
including	O
nearly	O
20	O
million	O
pages	O
of	O
newspaper	O
content	O
dating	O
from	O
pre-Revolutionary	O
War	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
name	O
changed	O
to	O
Bell	O
&	O
Howell	O
Information	O
and	O
Learning	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
in	O
2001	O
to	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Information	O
and	O
Learning	O
;	O
Bell	O
&	O
Howell	O
renamed	O
itself	O
the	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
acquired	O
Chadwyck-Healey	O
,	O
a	O
one-time	O
microfilm	O
publishing	O
company	O
that	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
produce	O
full-text	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
databases	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
acquisition	O
gave	O
Proquest	B-Library
ownership	O
of	O
a	O
100+	O
person	O
publishing	O
operation	O
based	O
in	O
Cambridge	O
,	O
England	O
and	O
became	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
a	O
substantial	O
overseas	O
expansion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
2000	O
–	O
2004	O
fiscal	O
years	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
three	O
quarters	O
of	O
the	O
2005	O
fiscal	O
year	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
systematically	O
overstated	O
its	O
net	O
income	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Voyager	O
Learning	O
Company	O
and	O
ProQuest	B-Library
's	O
CFO	O
(	O
from	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
earnings	O
overstatements	O
)	O
settled	O
SEC	O
"	O
charges	O
without	O
admitting	O
or	O
denying	O
the	O
allegations	O
of	O
the	O
SEC	O
's	O
complaint	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
Norman	O
Ross	O
Publishing	O
,	O
a	O
small	O
New	O
York	O
based	O
microfilm	O
publisher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
bigchalk.com,	O
a	O
company	O
founded	O
in	O
1999	O
with	O
the	O
combined	O
assets	O
of	O
ProQuest	B-Library
's	O
K-12	O
division	O
and	O
Infonautics	O
Inc.	O
'	O
s	O
K-12	O
business	O
..	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Information	O
and	O
Learning	O
acquired	O
Seattle	O
start-up	O
Serials	B-Library
Solutions	I-Library
,	O
a	O
venture	O
providing	O
access	O
management	O
and	O
search	O
services	O
for	O
content	O
hosted	O
by	O
other	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
acquired	O
Copley	B-Library
Publishing	I-Library
Group	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Company	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
parent	O
company	O
of	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Information	O
and	O
Learning	O
,	O
sold	O
it	O
to	O
Cambridge	O
Information	O
Group	O
,	O
owner	O
of	O
R	B-Library
.	I-Library
R	I-Library
.	I-Library
Bowker	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
this	O
sale	O
,	O
this	O
article	O
follows	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Information	O
and	O
Learning	O
,	O
not	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Company	O
subsequently	O
renamed	O
itself	O
to	O
Voyager	O
Learning	O
Company	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
became	O
part	O
of	O
Cambium	O
Learning	O
Group	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Information	O
and	O
Learning	O
was	O
merged	O
with	O
CSA	B-Library
to	O
form	O
ProQuest	B-Library
CSA	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
it	O
was	O
renamed	O
ProQuest	B-Library
LLC	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
LLC	I-Library
acquired	O
complete	O
ownership	O
of	O
RefWorks	B-Library
,	O
a	O
web-based	O
citation	B-Application
manager	I-Application
of	O
which	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
part	O
owner	O
since	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RefWorks	B-Library
was	O
merged	O
with	O
ProQuest	B-Library
's	O
existing	O
COS	O
business	O
to	O
form	O
RefWorks/COS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
Dialog	B-Application
,	O
a	O
major	O
online	O
database	O
firm	O
,	O
from	O
Thomson	O
Reuters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
two	O
properties	O
from	O
LexisNexis	O
,	O
Congressional	B-Library
Information	I-Library
Service	I-Library
(	O
CIS	O
)	O
and	O
University	B-Library
Publications	I-Library
of	I-Library
America	I-Library
(	O
UPA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
acquisition	O
included	O
digital	O
products	O
and	O
an	O
expansive	O
microfilm	O
vault	O
that	O
would	O
leverage	O
ProQuest	B-Library
's	O
strength	O
in	O
conversion	O
from	O
film	O
to	O
searchable	O
electronic	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
Ebrary	O
,	O
an	O
online	O
digital	O
library	O
of	O
full	O
texts	O
of	O
over	O
170,000	O
scholarly	O
e-books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
Ebook	O
Library	O
(	O
EBL	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
plans	O
to	O
combine	O
ebrary	O
and	O
EBL	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
e-book	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
Pi2	O
Solutions	O
,	O
a	O
privately	O
owned	O
company	O
specializing	O
in	O
Drug	O
Safety	O
Triager	O
(	O
DST	O
)	O
&	O
Product	O
Literature	B-Library
Database	I-Library
(	O
PLD	O
)	O
systems	O
for	O
the	O
biopharmaceutical	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
aligned	O
Pi2	O
Solutions	O
with	O
its	O
ProQuest	B-Application
Dialog	I-Application
corporate	O
information	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
SiPX	O
and	O
Coutts	O
Information	O
Services	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
MyiLibrary	O
platform	O
and	O
the	O
Online	O
Acquisitions	O
and	O
Selection	O
Information	O
System	O
(	O
OASIS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2015	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
Ex	O
Libris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
to	O
merge	O
the	O
Workflow	O
Solutions	O
division	O
of	O
ProQuest	B-Library
,	O
which	O
included	O
the	O
former	O
Serials	B-Library
Solutions	I-Library
,	O
into	O
Ex	O
Libris	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
enlarged	O
entity	O
to	O
be	O
named	O
"	O
Ex	O
Libris	O
,	O
a	O
ProQuest	B-Library
Company	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2016	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
Alexander	O
Street	O
Press	O
,	O
a	O
provider	O
of	O
streaming	O
videos	O
and	O
ebooks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2020	O
,	O
ProQuest	B-Library
acquired	O
Innovative	O
Interfaces	O
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
a	O
provider	O
of	O
technology	O
solutions	O
to	O
academic	O
and	O
public	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
17	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
Clarivate	O
would	O
acquire	O
ProQuest	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
1	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Clarivate	O
successfully	O
completed	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
ProQuest	B-Library
.	O
</s>
