<s>
The	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
is	O
an	O
initiative	O
led	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
create	O
web	O
standards	O
for	O
websites	O
to	O
access	O
user	O
information	O
without	O
compromising	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initiative	O
includes	O
Federated	B-Operating_System
Learning	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Cohorts	I-Operating_System
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
proposed	O
technologies	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
have	O
bird-themed	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
will	O
also	O
be	O
available	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proposals	O
in	O
the	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
are	O
based	O
on	O
advertising	O
through	O
cohorts	O
rather	O
than	O
to	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
generally	O
place	O
the	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
in	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
privacy	O
,	O
moving	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
collection	O
and	O
processing	O
that	O
facilitates	O
advertising	O
onto	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
device	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
focuses	O
within	O
the	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
initiative	O
:	O
replacing	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
cross-site	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
,	O
removing	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
,	O
and	O
mitigating	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
device	B-Protocol
fingerprinting	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
invited	O
advertising	O
technology	O
companies	O
to	O
join	O
the	O
Improving	O
Web	O
Advertising	O
Business	O
Group	O
(	O
IWABG	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Consortium	O
(	O
W3C	O
)	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
the	O
proposal	O
process	O
for	O
the	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
W3C	O
is	O
a	O
consensus-building	O
organization	O
and	O
would	O
not	O
prevent	O
Google	B-Application
from	O
deploying	O
technology	O
without	O
consensus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
proposal	O
within	O
the	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
initiative	O
would	O
perform	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
functions	O
of	O
targeted	O
advertising	O
that	O
is	O
currently	O
done	O
through	O
cookies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Federated	B-Operating_System
Learning	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Cohorts	I-Operating_System
algorithm	O
analyzes	O
users	O
 '	O
online	O
activity	O
within	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
,	O
and	O
generates	O
a	O
"	O
cohort	O
ID	O
"	O
using	O
the	O
SimHash	B-Algorithm
algorithm	O
to	O
group	O
a	O
given	O
user	O
with	O
other	O
users	O
who	O
access	O
similar	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
other	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
proposals	O
which	O
replace	O
existing	O
functions	O
of	O
cookies	O
,	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
proposes	O
a	O
new	O
mechanism	O
for	O
targeted	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
proposal	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
by	O
privacy	O
advocates	O
,	O
data	O
ethics	O
researchers	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
major	O
browsers	B-Application
based	O
on	O
Chromium	O
pledged	O
to	O
remove	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
ended	O
development	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
and	O
proposed	O
Topics	O
API	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TURTLEDOVE	O
,	O
which	O
stands	O
for	O
"	O
Two	O
Uncorrelated	O
Requests	O
,	O
Then	O
Locally-Executed	O
Decision	O
On	O
Victory	O
"	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
framework	O
proposed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
serve	O
ads	O
through	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Topics	O
API	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
controlled	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
or	O
disabled	O
entirely	O
in	O
Chrome	B-Application
’s	O
Settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Private	O
state	O
tokens	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
be	O
issued	O
by	O
websites	O
to	O
verify	O
those	O
browsers	B-Application
whose	O
behavior	O
denotes	O
a	O
real	O
person	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
bot	O
or	O
malicious	O
attacker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shared	O
Storage	O
API	O
addresses	O
a	O
need	O
for	O
browsers	B-Application
,	O
for	O
legitimate	O
cases	O
,	O
to	O
store	O
information	O
in	O
different	O
,	O
multiple	O
,	O
unpartitioned	O
forms	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
separately	O
as	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
cross-site	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
generally	O
dictates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CHIPS	O
are	O
partitioned	O
cookies	O
that	O
will	O
inform	O
browsers	B-Application
that	O
the	O
necessary	O
cookie	O
is	O
allowed	O
to	O
function	O
only	O
between	O
a	O
particular	O
site	O
and	O
an	O
embedded	O
widget	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
State	O
Partitioning	O
will	O
partition	O
a	O
browser	B-Application
’s	O
network	O
resources	O
to	O
prevent	O
these	O
resources	O
from	O
being	O
shared	O
across	O
first-party	O
contexts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Same-site	O
cookie	O
labels	O
are	O
required	O
by	O
Chrome	B-Application
and	O
other	O
browsers	B-Application
to	O
define	O
if	O
a	O
cookie	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
first	O
-	O
or	O
third-party	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
will	O
use	O
technology	O
that	O
operates	O
without	O
cross-app	O
identifiers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Android/Google	O
Advertising	O
ID	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
continue	O
to	O
show	O
relevant	O
ads	O
and	O
content	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Topics	O
will	O
present	O
categories	O
that	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
apps	O
on	O
a	O
user	O
’s	O
device	O
and	O
are	O
selected	O
only	O
through	O
a	O
given	O
device	O
’s	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
further	O
supplement	O
privacy	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
FLEDGE	O
will	O
use	O
“	O
custom	O
audiences	O
”	O
that	O
are	O
built	O
by	O
app	O
developers	O
based	O
on	O
interactions	O
with	O
their	O
app	O
,	O
information	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
stored	O
locally	O
so	O
that	O
no	O
individual	O
identifiers	O
are	O
shared	O
with	O
external	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
31	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
origin	O
trial	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
Topics	O
,	O
FLEDGE	O
and	O
Attribution	O
Reporting	O
APIs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
and	O
Criteo	O
,	O
also	O
ran	O
tests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
aims	O
to	O
dedicate	O
H1	O
of	O
2023	O
to	O
developer	O
testing	O
,	O
and	O
make	O
FLEDGE	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
entirety	O
of	O
Chrome	B-Application
users	O
in	O
H2	O
of	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2022	O
the	O
Competition	O
and	O
Markets	O
Authority	O
released	O
a	O
report	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
’s	O
quantitative	O
testing	O
of	O
its	O
Sandbox	O
technologies	O
that	O
highlighted	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
the	O
industry	O
adopting	O
a	O
common	O
testing	O
framework	O
so	O
that	O
performance	O
tests	O
can	O
be	O
conducted	O
more	O
widely	O
across	O
multiple	O
testing	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
is	O
developing	O
such	O
a	O
framework	O
in	O
cooperation	O
with	O
the	O
CMA	O
and	O
is	O
seeking	O
to	O
drive	O
engagement	O
with	O
market	O
participants	O
on	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
testing	O
between	O
now	O
and	O
at	O
least	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
General	O
Availability	O
in	O
Q3	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
Competition	O
and	O
Markets	O
Authority	O
(	O
CMA	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
initiative	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
its	O
potential	O
impacts	O
on	O
both	O
publishers	O
and	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
statement	O
,	O
CMA	O
chief	O
executive	O
Andrea	O
Coscelli	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
Google	B-Application
’s	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
proposals	O
will	O
potentially	O
have	O
a	O
very	O
significant	O
impact	O
on	O
publishers	O
like	O
newspapers	O
and	O
the	O
digital	O
advertising	O
market	O
,	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
there	O
were	O
also	O
"	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
to	O
consider.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2021	O
,	O
15	O
attorneys	O
general	O
of	O
U.S.	O
states	O
and	O
Puerto	O
Rico	O
amended	O
an	O
antitrust	O
complaint	O
filed	O
the	O
previous	O
December	O
;	O
the	O
updated	O
complaint	O
says	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
's	O
phase-out	O
of	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
in	O
2022	O
will	O
"	O
disable	O
the	O
primary	O
cookie-tracking	O
technology	O
almost	O
all	O
non-Google	O
publishers	O
currently	O
use	O
to	O
track	O
users	O
and	O
target	O
ads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
 [ ... ] 	O
Chrome	B-Application
,	O
will	O
offer	O
 [ ... ] 	O
new	O
and	O
alternative	O
tracking	O
mechanisms	O
 [ ... ] 	O
dubbed	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lawsuit	O
suggests	O
that	O
the	O
proposed	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
would	O
effectively	O
require	O
advertisers	O
to	O
use	O
Google	B-Application
as	O
a	O
middleman	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
advertise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
11	O
,	O
2022	O
CMA	O
published	O
its	O
decision	O
to	O
accept	O
legally	O
binding	O
commitments	O
offered	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
concerning	O
its	O
proposals	O
to	O
remove	O
third	O
party	O
cookies	O
(	O
TPCs	O
)	O
on	O
Chrome	B-Application
and	O
develop	O
the	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
was	O
not	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
infringement	O
of	O
the	O
Competition	O
Act	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2022	O
CMA	O
reported	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
is	O
fully	O
complying	O
with	O
its	O
legally-binding	O
commitments	O
.	O
</s>
