<s>
A	O
primary	O
battery	O
or	O
primary	O
cell	O
is	O
a	O
battery	O
(	O
a	O
galvanic	O
cell	O
)	O
that	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
once	O
and	O
discarded	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
recharged	O
with	O
electricity	O
and	O
reused	O
like	O
a	O
secondary	B-Architecture
cell	I-Architecture
(	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
secondary	B-Architecture
cell	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
reaction	O
can	O
be	O
reversed	O
by	O
running	O
a	O
current	O
into	O
the	O
cell	O
with	O
a	O
battery	B-Application
charger	I-Application
to	O
recharge	B-Architecture
it	O
,	O
regenerating	O
the	O
chemical	O
reactants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Primary	O
batteries	O
make	O
up	O
about	O
90%	O
of	O
the	O
$50	O
billion	O
battery	O
market	O
,	O
but	O
secondary	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
have	O
been	O
gaining	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
mainly	O
to	O
increasing	O
sales	O
of	O
wireless	O
devices	O
and	O
cordless	O
tools	O
which	O
cannot	O
be	O
economically	O
powered	O
by	O
primary	O
batteries	O
and	O
come	O
with	O
integral	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
secondary	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
industry	O
has	O
high	O
growth	O
and	O
has	O
slowly	O
been	O
replacing	O
the	O
primary	O
battery	O
in	O
high	O
end	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
twenty-first	O
century	O
,	O
primary	O
cells	O
began	O
losing	O
market	O
share	O
to	O
secondary	B-Architecture
cells	I-Architecture
,	O
as	O
relative	O
costs	O
declined	O
for	O
the	O
latter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
Rayovac	O
,	O
these	O
three	O
are	O
trying	O
to	O
move	O
consumers	O
from	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
to	O
more	O
expensive	O
,	O
longer-lasting	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Western	O
battery	O
manufacturers	O
shifted	O
production	O
offshore	O
and	O
no	O
longer	O
make	O
zinc-carbon	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
became	O
the	O
largest	O
battery	O
market	O
,	O
with	O
demand	O
projected	O
to	O
climb	O
faster	O
than	O
anywhere	O
else	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
also	O
shifted	O
to	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
developing	O
countries	O
disposable	O
batteries	O
must	O
compete	O
with	O
cheap	O
wind-up	O
,	O
wind-powered	O
and	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
devices	O
that	O
have	O
proliferated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	B-Architecture
cells	I-Architecture
(	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
)	O
are	O
in	O
general	O
more	O
economical	O
to	O
use	O
than	O
primary	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Primary	O
cells	O
are	O
not	O
designed	O
for	O
recharging	O
between	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
use	O
,	O
thus	O
have	O
battery	O
chemistry	O
that	O
has	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
much	O
lower	O
self-discharge	B-Algorithm
rate	O
than	O
older	O
types	O
of	O
secondary	B-Architecture
cells	I-Architecture
;	O
but	O
they	O
have	O
lost	O
that	O
advantage	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
secondary	B-Architecture
cells	I-Architecture
with	O
very	O
low	O
self-discharge	B-Algorithm
rates	O
like	O
low	O
self-discharge	B-Algorithm
NiMH	O
cells	O
that	O
hold	O
enough	O
charge	O
for	O
long	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
sold	O
as	O
pre-charged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
types	O
of	O
secondary	B-Architecture
cells	I-Architecture
(	O
namely	O
NiMH	O
and	O
Li-ion	O
)	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
much	O
lower	O
internal	O
resistance	O
do	O
not	O
suffer	O
the	O
large	O
loss	O
of	O
capacity	O
that	O
alkaline	O
,	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
and	O
zinc	B-Application
chloride	O
(	O
"	O
heavy	O
duty	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
super	O
heavy	O
duty	O
"	O
)	O
do	O
with	O
high	O
current	O
draw	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reserve	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
achieve	O
very	O
long	O
storage	O
time	O
(	O
on	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
10	O
years	O
or	O
more	O
)	O
without	O
loss	O
of	O
capacity	O
,	O
by	O
physically	O
separating	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
and	O
only	O
assembling	O
them	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manganese	O
dioxide	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Leclanché	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
and	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
nitric	O
acid	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Bunsen	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
and	O
Grove	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daniell	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
or	O
silver	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
silver-oxide	B-Device
cell	I-Device
)	O
,	O
so	O
called	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
battery	O
terminal	O
(	O
electrode	O
)	O
that	O
develops	O
a	O
positive	O
voltage	O
polarity	O
(	O
the	O
carbon	O
electrode	O
in	O
a	O
dry	O
cell	O
)	O
is	O
called	O
the	O
cathode	O
and	O
the	O
electrode	O
with	O
a	O
negative	O
polarity	O
(	O
zinc	B-Application
in	O
a	O
dry	O
cell	O
)	O
is	O
called	O
the	O
anode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inside	O
the	O
cell	O
the	O
anode	O
is	O
the	O
electrode	O
where	O
chemical	O
oxidation	B-Operating_System
occurs	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
donates	O
electrons	O
which	O
flow	O
out	O
of	O
it	O
into	O
the	O
external	O
circuit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cathode	O
is	O
the	O
electrode	O
where	O
chemical	O
reduction	B-Operating_System
occurs	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
accepts	O
electrons	O
from	O
the	O
circuit	O
.	O
</s>
