<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
is	O
a	O
methodology	O
for	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
structured	O
approach	O
to	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
an	O
enterprise	O
information	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
is	O
an	O
enterprise	O
methodology	O
which	O
aims	O
to	O
embrace	O
all	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
enterprise	O
,	O
from	O
strategy	O
to	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
Praxeme	B-Library
"	O
is	O
a	O
contraction	O
of	O
"	O
praxis	O
"	O
(	O
action	O
)	O
and	O
"	O
semeion	O
"	O
(	O
sense	O
,	O
meaning	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
methodology	O
contains	O
design	O
procedures	O
for	O
the	O
information	O
system	O
and	O
IT	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
enterprise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
reconciles	O
different	O
modeling	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
proposes	O
a	O
semantic	O
modeling	O
technique	O
which	O
benefits	O
from	O
the	O
object-oriented	O
approach	O
,	O
to	O
formalize	O
the	O
knowledge	O
about	O
the	O
business	O
fundamentals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
follows	O
in	O
the	O
footsteps	O
of	O
the	O
methodological	O
tradition	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
takes	O
up	O
the	O
legacies	O
from	O
Merise	B-General_Concept
,	O
TACT	O
,	O
analyze-design	O
methods	O
,	O
Zachman	B-Library
framework	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
standard	O
Unified	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
,	O
Praxeme	B-Library
's	O
modeling	O
techniques	O
enable	O
the	O
“	O
Enterprise	O
System	O
”	O
to	O
be	O
rigorously	O
defined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
contexts	O
as	O
varied	O
as	O
the	O
insurance	O
sector	O
,	O
drone	O
or	O
weaponry	O
systems	O
,	O
energy	O
and	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
is	O
initiated	O
in	O
2003	O
as	O
open	O
method	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
enterprises	O
to	O
share	O
a	O
reference	O
method	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
successfully	O
manage	O
their	O
transformation	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
foundations	O
of	O
the	O
Praxeme	B-Library
method	O
is	O
initially	O
enabled	O
by	O
the	O
Aeronautics	O
&	O
Defense	O
department	O
of	O
the	O
SAGEM	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
French	O
General	O
Directorate	O
for	O
State	O
Modernization	O
(	O
DGME	O
)	O
in	O
its	O
document	O
"	O
General	O
Repository	O
for	O
Interoperability	O
"	O
,	O
recommends	O
using	O
the	O
Praxeme	B-Library
method	O
for	O
designing	O
IT	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
in	O
French	O
public	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Founded	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
Praxeme	B-Library
Institute	O
is	O
a	O
non-for-profit	O
association	O
pursuant	O
to	O
the	O
French	O
law	O
of	O
July	O
1	O
,	O
1901	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
depository	O
for	O
the	O
Praxeme	B-Library
corpus	O
and	O
guarantor	O
of	O
its	O
open	O
nature	O
(	O
cf	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Praxeme	B-Library
Institute	O
maintains	O
regular	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
university	O
and	O
research	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
plays	O
on	O
the	O
double	O
meaning	O
of	O
the	O
word	O
“	O
enterprise	O
”	O
:	O
human	O
organization	O
and	O
action	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
Merise	B-General_Concept
“	O
levels	O
of	O
abstraction	O
”	O
or	O
the	O
Anglo-Saxon	O
“	O
separation	O
of	O
concerns	O
”	O
principle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
recommends	O
describing	O
the	O
elementary	O
work	O
situations	O
as	O
use	B-Architecture
cases	I-Architecture
,	O
this	O
form	O
of	O
representation	O
providing	O
the	O
link	O
with	O
the	O
IT	B-General_Concept
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
We	O
also	O
look	O
at	O
issues	O
like	O
working	O
from	O
home	O
,	O
nomadic	O
activities	O
,	O
service	O
continuity	O
,	O
outsourcing	B-Architecture
...	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
the	O
IT	B-General_Concept
workers	O
will	O
find	O
the	O
machines	O
and	O
networks	O
that	O
influence	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
technical	O
choices	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logical	O
Aspect	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
an	O
intermediary	O
aspect	O
,	O
bridging	O
the	O
gap	O
between	O
the	O
“	O
business	O
”	O
and	O
IT	B-General_Concept
views	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
ensures	O
the	O
decoupling	O
between	O
these	O
two	O
universes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
proposes	O
derivation	O
rules	O
which	O
,	O
when	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
semantic	O
and	O
pragmatic	O
models	O
,	O
enable	O
us	O
to	O
deduce	O
the	O
logical	O
services	O
(	O
as	O
defined	O
in	O
an	O
SOA	O
approach	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technical	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
examines	O
the	O
possibilities	O
and	O
constraints	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
state-of-the-art	O
technologies	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
the	O
technical	O
choices	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
establishes	O
the	O
rules	O
of	O
implementation	O
and	O
transposition	O
of	O
the	O
logical	B-Application
model	I-Application
to	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
attaches	O
great	O
importance	O
to	O
the	O
“	O
logical/technical	O
negotiation	O
”	O
period	O
and	O
provides	O
the	O
means	O
to	O
reconcile	O
these	O
two	O
very	O
different	O
,	O
but	O
equally	O
necessary	O
,	O
expert	O
opinions	O
(	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
technical	O
and	O
logical	O
architectures	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
Aspect	O
:	O
This	O
aspect	O
is	O
that	O
of	O
IT	B-Application
programs	I-Application
and	O
software	B-Architecture
components	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
is	O
here	O
that	O
we	O
can	O
find	O
the	O
IT	B-General_Concept
products	I-General_Concept
,	O
their	O
documentation	O
,	O
test	O
cases	O
,	O
configurations	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	O
Aspect	O
:	O
The	O
culmination	O
of	O
the	O
transformation	O
chain	O
,	O
the	O
physical	O
architecture	O
results	O
from	O
the	O
projection	O
of	O
the	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
on	O
the	O
hardware	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
where	O
the	O
method	O
deals	O
with	O
questions	O
on	O
deployment	O
,	O
synchronization	O
,	O
technical	O
services	O
(	O
grid	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
databases	B-Application
,	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
...	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Enterprise	O
System	O
Topology	O
articulates	O
these	O
aspects	O
:	O
it	B-General_Concept
enables	O
all	O
the	O
documentation	O
to	O
be	O
sorted	O
out	O
and	O
the	O
rules	O
of	O
passage	O
from	O
one	O
aspect	O
to	O
another	O
to	O
be	O
defined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
proposes	O
procedures	O
for	O
each	O
of	O
these	O
aspects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Praxeme	B-Library
is	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
an	O
open	O
initiative	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
mutualization	O
of	O
investments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
continue	O
this	O
work	O
and	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
complete	O
method	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
the	O
Praxeme	B-Library
Institute	O
is	O
building	O
partnerships	O
with	O
other	O
organizations	O
,	O
seeking	O
to	O
federate	O
available	O
energies	O
(	O
CESAMES	O
and	O
the	O
Ecole	O
Polytechnique	O
,	O
SEMIC.eu,	O
Société	O
française	O
de	O
terminologie	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
