<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
(	O
with	O
the	O
backronym	O
Performance	B-Architecture
Optimization	I-Architecture
With	I-Architecture
Enhanced	I-Architecture
RISC	I-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
Performance	I-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
,	O
sometimes	O
abbreviated	O
as	O
PPC	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
reduced	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
(	O
RISC	B-Architecture
)	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
(	O
ISA	O
)	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
1991	O
Apple	O
–	O
IBM	O
–	O
Motorola	O
alliance	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
AIM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
as	O
an	O
evolving	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
,	O
has	O
been	O
named	O
Power	B-Architecture
ISA	I-Architecture
since	O
2006	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
old	O
name	O
lives	O
on	O
as	O
a	O
trademark	O
for	O
some	O
implementations	O
of	O
Power	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
–	O
based	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
was	O
the	O
cornerstone	O
of	O
AIM	O
's	O
PReP	B-Device
and	O
Common	B-Device
Hardware	I-Device
Reference	I-Device
Platform	I-Device
(	O
CHRP	O
)	O
initiatives	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
intended	O
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
the	O
architecture	O
is	O
well	O
known	O
for	O
being	O
used	O
by	O
Apple	O
's	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
,	O
PowerBook	B-Device
,	O
iMac	B-Device
,	O
iBook	B-Device
,	O
eMac	B-Device
,	O
Mac	B-Device
Mini	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Xserve	B-Device
lines	O
from	O
1994	O
until	O
2005	O
,	O
when	O
Apple	B-Device
migrated	I-Device
to	I-Device
Intel	I-Device
's	I-Device
x86	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
since	O
become	O
a	O
niche	O
in	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
but	O
remains	O
popular	O
for	O
embedded	B-Architecture
and	O
high-performance	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
7th	B-Application
generation	I-Application
of	I-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
and	O
embedded	B-Architecture
applications	O
provide	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
uses	O
,	O
including	O
satellites	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Curiosity	O
and	O
Perseverance	O
rovers	O
on	O
Mars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
CPUs	O
are	O
still	O
used	O
in	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
and	O
third	O
party	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
is	O
largely	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
earlier	O
IBM	B-Architecture
POWER	I-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
retains	O
a	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
compatibility	O
with	O
it	O
;	O
the	O
architectures	O
have	O
remained	O
close	O
enough	O
that	O
the	O
same	O
programs	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
will	O
run	O
on	O
both	O
if	O
some	O
care	O
is	O
taken	O
in	O
preparation	O
;	O
newer	O
chips	O
in	O
the	O
Power	B-Device
series	I-Device
use	O
the	O
Power	B-Architecture
ISA	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
RISC	B-Architecture
began	O
with	O
IBM	O
's	O
801	B-Device
research	O
project	O
,	O
on	O
which	O
John	O
Cocke	O
was	O
the	O
lead	O
developer	O
,	O
where	O
he	O
developed	O
the	O
concepts	O
of	O
RISC	B-Architecture
in	O
1975	O
–	O
78	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
801-based	O
microprocessors	O
were	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
IBM	O
embedded	B-Architecture
products	O
,	O
eventually	O
becoming	O
the	O
16-register	O
IBM	B-Device
ROMP	I-Device
processor	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
RT	I-Device
PC	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RT	B-Device
PC	I-Device
was	O
a	O
rapid	O
design	O
implementing	O
the	O
RISC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
is	O
the	O
POWER	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
introduced	O
with	O
the	O
RISC	B-Device
System/6000	I-Device
in	O
early	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	B-General_Concept
POWER	I-General_Concept
microprocessor	I-General_Concept
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
superscalar	B-General_Concept
RISC	B-Architecture
implementations	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
high	O
performance	O
,	O
multi-chip	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
soon	O
realized	O
that	O
a	O
single-chip	O
microprocessor	O
was	O
needed	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
scale	O
its	O
RS/6000	B-Device
line	O
from	O
lower-end	O
to	O
high-end	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Work	O
began	O
on	O
a	O
one-chip	O
POWER	B-Architecture
microprocessor	O
,	O
designated	O
the	O
RSC	O
(	O
RISC	B-Device
Single	I-Device
Chip	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
had	O
already	O
realized	O
the	O
limitations	O
and	O
risks	O
of	O
its	O
dependency	O
upon	O
a	O
single	O
CPU	O
vendor	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
when	O
Motorola	O
was	O
falling	O
behind	O
on	O
delivering	O
the	O
68040	B-Device
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
Apple	O
had	O
conducted	O
its	O
own	O
research	O
and	O
made	O
an	O
experimental	O
quad-core	O
CPU	O
design	O
called	O
Aquarius	O
,	O
which	O
convinced	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
technology	O
leadership	O
that	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
computing	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
RISC	B-Architecture
methodology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
approached	O
Apple	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
collaborating	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
single-chip	O
microprocessors	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
POWER	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
,	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
was	O
just	O
one	O
facet	O
of	O
a	O
larger	O
alliance	O
among	O
these	O
three	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
industry	O
was	O
shipping	O
systems	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Intel	O
80386	O
and	O
80486	O
chips	O
,	O
which	O
have	O
a	O
complex	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
(	O
CISC	O
)	O
architecture	O
,	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Pentium	B-General_Concept
processor	O
was	O
well	O
underway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
was	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
joint	O
ventures	O
involving	O
the	O
three	O
alliance	O
members	O
,	O
in	O
their	O
efforts	O
to	O
counter	O
the	O
growing	O
Microsoft-Intel	O
dominance	O
of	O
personal	B-Device
computing	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Motorola	O
,	O
POWER	B-Architecture
looked	O
like	O
an	O
unbelievable	O
deal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allowed	O
the	O
company	O
to	O
sell	O
a	O
widely	O
tested	O
and	O
powerful	O
RISC	B-Architecture
CPU	O
for	O
little	O
design	O
cash	O
on	O
its	O
own	O
part	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
point	O
Motorola	O
already	O
had	O
its	O
own	O
RISC	B-Architecture
design	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
88000	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
was	O
doing	O
poorly	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motorola	O
was	O
doing	O
well	O
with	O
its	O
68000	B-Device
family	I-Device
and	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
the	O
funding	O
was	O
focused	O
on	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
88000	B-Architecture
effort	O
was	O
somewhat	O
starved	O
for	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
88000	B-Architecture
was	O
already	O
in	O
production	O
,	O
however	O
;	O
Data	O
General	O
was	O
shipping	O
88000	B-Architecture
machines	O
and	O
Apple	O
already	O
had	O
88000	B-Architecture
prototype	O
machines	O
running	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
88000	B-Architecture
had	O
also	O
achieved	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
embedded	B-Architecture
design	O
wins	O
in	O
telecom	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
new	O
POWER	B-Architecture
one-chip	O
version	O
could	O
be	O
made	O
bus-compatible	O
at	O
a	O
hardware	O
level	O
with	O
the	O
88000	B-Architecture
,	O
that	O
would	O
allow	O
both	O
Apple	O
and	O
Motorola	O
to	O
bring	O
machines	O
to	O
market	O
far	O
faster	O
since	O
they	O
would	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
redesign	O
their	O
board	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
of	O
these	O
various	O
requirements	O
is	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
(	O
performance	O
computing	O
)	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
differences	O
between	O
the	O
earlier	O
POWER	B-Architecture
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
and	O
that	O
of	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
is	O
outlined	O
in	O
Appendix	O
E	O
of	O
the	O
manual	O
for	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
ISA	O
v.2.02	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
1991	O
,	O
IBM	O
had	O
a	O
long-standing	O
desire	O
for	O
a	O
unifying	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
would	O
simultaneously	O
host	O
all	O
existing	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
as	O
personalities	O
upon	O
one	O
microkernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1991	O
to	O
1995	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
designed	O
and	O
aggressively	O
evangelized	O
what	O
would	O
become	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
primarily	O
targeting	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
first	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
products	O
reached	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
met	O
with	O
enthusiasm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
released	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
3.51	I-Device
for	O
the	O
architecture	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
Motorola	O
's	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
servers	O
,	O
and	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
offered	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
its	O
Solaris	B-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
ported	O
its	O
AIX	B-Application
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
featured	O
a	O
new	O
port	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
(	O
with	O
Intel	O
emulation	O
for	O
application	O
compatibility	O
)	O
,	O
pending	O
a	O
successful	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
620	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
,	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
achieved	O
benchmark	O
test	O
scores	O
that	O
matched	O
or	O
exceeded	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
fastest	O
x86	B-Operating_System
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Sun	O
customers	O
,	O
faced	O
with	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
application	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
almost	O
universally	O
ignored	O
the	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
platform	O
(	O
and	O
thus	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
for	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
)	O
was	O
summarily	O
canceled	O
upon	O
its	O
first	O
developers	O
 '	O
release	O
in	O
December	O
1995	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
simultaneous	O
buggy	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
620	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
versions	O
of	O
Solaris	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
were	O
discontinued	O
after	O
only	O
a	O
brief	O
period	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
on	O
the	O
Macintosh	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
Apple	O
's	O
persistence	O
,	O
did	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
gain	O
traction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
Apple	O
,	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
was	O
a	O
bright	O
spot	O
in	O
the	O
face	O
of	O
increased	O
competition	O
from	O
Windows	O
95	O
and	O
Windows	O
NT-based	O
PCs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
cancellation	O
of	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
general	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
(	O
especially	O
AIM	O
's	O
Common	B-Device
Hardware	I-Device
Reference	I-Device
Platform	I-Device
)	O
was	O
instead	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
hardware-only	O
compromise	O
to	O
run	O
many	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
one	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
upon	O
a	O
single	O
unifying	O
vendor-neutral	O
hardware	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerQUICC	B-General_Concept
line	O
was	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
this	O
work	O
inside	O
Motorola	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
4xx	O
series	O
of	O
embedded	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
was	O
underway	O
inside	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
embedded	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
business	O
grew	O
to	O
nearly	O
US$100	O
million	O
in	O
revenue	O
and	O
attracted	O
hundreds	O
of	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Toward	O
the	O
close	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
,	O
manufacturing	O
issues	O
began	O
plaguing	O
the	O
AIM	O
alliance	O
in	O
much	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
they	O
did	O
Motorola	O
,	O
which	O
consistently	O
pushed	O
back	O
deployments	O
of	O
new	O
processors	O
for	O
Apple	O
and	O
other	O
vendors	O
:	O
first	O
from	O
Motorola	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
with	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Device
7xx	I-Device
and	O
74xx	O
processors	O
,	O
and	O
IBM	O
with	O
the	O
64-bit	B-Device
PowerPC	B-General_Concept
970	I-General_Concept
processor	O
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
IBM	O
exited	O
the	O
32-bit	O
embedded	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
market	O
by	O
selling	O
its	O
line	O
of	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
products	O
to	O
Applied	O
Micro	O
Circuits	O
Corporation	O
(	O
AMCC	O
)	O
and	O
focusing	O
on	O
64-bit	B-Device
chip	O
designs	O
,	O
while	O
maintaining	O
its	O
commitment	O
of	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
CPUs	O
toward	O
game	O
console	O
makers	O
such	O
as	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
GameCube	B-Application
,	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
and	O
Wii	B-Device
U	I-Device
,	O
Sony	O
's	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
and	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Xbox	B-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
,	O
of	O
which	O
the	O
latter	O
two	O
both	O
use	O
64-bit	B-Device
processors	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
they	O
would	O
no	O
longer	O
use	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
in	O
their	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	O
computers	O
,	O
favoring	O
Intel-produced	O
processors	O
instead	O
,	O
citing	O
the	O
performance	O
limitations	O
of	O
the	O
chip	O
for	O
future	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
hardware	O
specifically	O
related	O
to	O
heat	O
generation	O
and	O
energy	O
usage	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
inability	O
of	O
IBM	O
to	O
move	O
the	O
970	O
processor	O
to	O
the	O
3GHz	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM-Freescale	O
alliance	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
an	O
open	O
standards	O
body	O
called	O
Power.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power.org	O
operates	O
under	O
the	O
governance	O
of	O
the	O
IEEE	O
with	O
IBM	O
continuing	O
to	O
use	O
and	O
evolve	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
on	O
game	O
consoles	O
and	O
Freescale	O
Semiconductor	O
focusing	O
solely	O
on	O
embedded	B-Architecture
devices	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
continues	O
to	O
develop	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
microprocessor	O
cores	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
their	O
application-specific	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
(	O
ASIC	O
)	O
offerings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
high	O
volume	O
applications	O
embed	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
cores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
specification	O
is	O
now	O
handled	O
by	O
Power.org	O
where	O
IBM	O
,	O
Freescale	O
,	O
and	O
AMCC	O
are	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
Cell	O
and	O
POWER	B-Architecture
processors	O
are	O
now	O
jointly	O
marketed	O
as	O
the	O
Power	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power.org	O
released	O
a	O
unified	O
ISA	O
,	O
combining	O
POWER	B-Architecture
and	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
ISAs	B-General_Concept
into	O
the	O
new	O
Power	B-Architecture
ISA	I-Architecture
v.2.03	O
specification	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
reference	O
platform	O
for	O
servers	O
called	O
PAPR	O
(	O
Power	B-Device
Architecture	I-Device
Platform	I-Device
Reference	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
designs	O
are	O
named	O
and	O
labeled	O
by	O
their	O
apparent	O
technology	O
generation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
began	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
G3	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
an	O
internal	O
project	O
name	O
inside	O
AIM	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
what	O
would	O
become	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Device
750	I-Device
family	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
popularized	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
G3	O
"	O
when	O
they	O
introduced	O
Power	B-Device
Mac	I-Device
G3	I-Device
and	O
PowerBook	B-Device
G3	I-Device
at	O
an	O
event	O
at	O
10	O
November	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motorola	O
and	O
Apple	O
liked	O
the	O
moniker	O
and	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
G4	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
7400	B-General_Concept
family	O
introduced	O
in	O
1998	O
and	O
the	O
Power	B-Device
Mac	I-Device
G4	I-Device
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
G4	O
was	O
launched	O
,	O
Motorola	O
categorized	O
all	O
their	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
models	O
(	O
former	O
,	O
current	O
and	O
future	O
)	O
according	O
to	O
what	O
generation	O
they	O
adhered	O
to	O
,	O
even	O
renaming	O
the	O
older	O
603e	O
core	O
"	O
G2	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motorola	O
had	O
a	O
G5	B-Device
project	I-Device
that	O
never	O
came	O
to	O
fruition	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
name	O
stuck	O
and	O
Apple	O
reused	O
it	O
when	O
the	O
970	B-General_Concept
family	I-General_Concept
launched	O
in	O
2003	O
even	O
if	O
those	O
were	O
designed	O
and	O
built	O
by	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
generations	O
according	O
to	O
Motorola	O
,	O
c	O
.	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
is	O
designed	O
along	O
RISC	B-Architecture
principles	O
and	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
superscalar	B-General_Concept
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
exist	O
in	O
both	O
32-bit	O
and	O
64-bit	B-Device
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
the	O
basic	O
POWER	B-Architecture
specification	O
,	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
added	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
operation	O
in	O
both	O
big-endian	O
and	O
little-endian	O
modes	O
;	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
can	O
switch	O
from	O
one	O
mode	O
to	O
the	O
other	O
at	O
run-time	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
is	O
not	O
supported	O
in	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-General_Concept
970	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
paged	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
architecture	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
extensively	O
in	O
server	O
and	O
PC	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Addition	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
memory	O
management	O
architecture	O
called	O
Book-E	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
conventional	O
paged	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
architecture	O
for	O
embedded	B-Architecture
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Book-E	O
is	O
application	O
software	O
compatible	O
with	O
existing	O
PowerPC	B-General_Concept
implementations	I-General_Concept
but	O
needs	O
minor	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
instructions	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
POWER	B-Architecture
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
were	O
deemed	O
too	O
complex	O
and	O
were	O
removed	O
in	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
removed	O
instructions	O
could	O
be	O
emulated	O
by	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
if	O
necessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
chips	I-Architecture
switch	O
endianness	O
via	O
a	O
bit	O
in	O
the	O
MSR	O
(	O
machine	B-Device
state	I-Device
register	I-Device
)	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
second	O
bit	O
provided	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
OS	O
to	O
run	O
with	O
a	O
different	O
endianness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accesses	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
inverted	O
page	O
table	O
"	O
(	O
a	O
hash	O
table	O
that	O
functions	O
as	O
a	O
TLB	B-Architecture
with	O
off-chip	O
storage	O
)	O
are	O
always	O
done	O
in	O
big-endian	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
will	O
see	O
a	O
warped	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
when	O
it	O
accesses	O
external	O
chips	O
such	O
as	O
video	O
and	O
network	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fixing	O
this	O
warped	O
view	O
requires	O
that	O
the	O
motherboard	O
perform	O
an	O
unconditional	O
64-bit	B-Device
byte	O
swap	O
on	O
all	O
data	O
entering	O
or	O
leaving	O
the	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AltiVec	B-General_Concept
operations	O
,	O
despite	O
being	O
128-bit	O
,	O
are	O
treated	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
64-bit	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
for	O
compatibility	O
with	O
little-endian	O
motherboards	O
that	O
were	O
designed	O
prior	O
to	O
AltiVec	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
interesting	O
side	O
effect	O
of	O
this	O
implementation	O
is	O
that	O
a	O
program	O
can	O
store	O
a	O
64-bit	B-Device
value	O
(	O
the	O
longest	O
operand	O
format	O
)	O
to	O
memory	O
while	O
in	O
one	O
endian	O
mode	O
,	O
switch	O
modes	O
,	O
and	O
read	O
back	O
the	O
same	O
64-bit	B-Device
value	O
without	O
seeing	O
a	O
change	O
of	O
byte	O
order	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mercury	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
and	O
Matrox	B-Application
ran	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
in	O
little-endian	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
done	O
so	O
that	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
devices	O
serving	O
as	O
co-processors	O
on	O
PCI	O
boards	O
could	O
share	O
data	O
structures	O
with	O
host	O
computers	O
based	O
on	O
x86	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
PCI	O
and	O
x86	B-Operating_System
are	O
little-endian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
for	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
ran	O
the	O
processor	O
in	O
little-endian	O
mode	O
while	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
AIX	B-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
ran	O
in	O
big	O
endian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
embedded	B-Architecture
PowerPC	B-Architecture
chips	I-Architecture
use	O
a	O
per-page	O
endianness	O
bit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
architecture	O
was	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
601	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
RSC	O
,	O
implementing	O
a	O
hybrid	O
of	O
the	O
POWER1	B-General_Concept
and	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
instructions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
the	O
chip	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
IBM	O
in	O
their	O
existing	O
POWER1-based	O
platforms	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
also	O
meant	O
some	O
slight	O
pain	O
when	O
switching	O
to	O
the	O
2nd	O
generation	O
"	O
pure	O
"	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
designs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
continued	O
work	O
on	O
a	O
new	O
line	O
of	O
Macintosh	O
computers	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
chip	O
,	O
and	O
eventually	O
released	O
them	O
as	O
the	O
601-based	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
on	O
March	O
14	O
,	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accelerator	O
cards	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
first-generation	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
chips	I-Architecture
were	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
in	O
anticipation	O
for	O
a	O
move	O
to	O
a	O
possible	O
new	O
Amiga	B-Device
platform	I-Device
designed	O
around	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
accelerator	O
cards	O
also	O
included	O
either	O
a	O
Motorola	B-Device
68040	I-Device
or	O
68060	B-General_Concept
CPU	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
maintain	O
backwards	O
compatibility	O
,	O
as	O
very	O
few	O
apps	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
could	O
run	O
natively	O
on	O
the	O
PPC	O
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
a	O
decade	O
later	O
,	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
would	O
be	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
put	O
the	O
platform	O
permanently	O
on	O
the	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS4	B-Application
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
those	O
first-generation	O
accelerators	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
several	O
custom	O
motherboards	O
created	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
incarnation	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
platform	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
also	O
had	O
a	O
full	O
line	O
of	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
based	O
desktops	O
built	O
and	O
ready	O
to	O
ship	O
;	O
unfortunately	O
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
IBM	O
had	O
intended	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
these	O
desktops	O
—	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Windows	I-Device
NT	I-Device
—	O
was	O
not	O
complete	O
by	O
early	O
1993	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
machines	O
were	O
ready	O
for	O
marketing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accordingly	O
,	O
and	O
further	O
because	O
IBM	O
had	O
developed	O
animosity	O
toward	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
IBM	O
decided	O
to	O
port	O
OS/2	B-Application
to	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
software	O
platform	O
spent	O
three	O
years	O
(	O
1992	O
to	O
1995	O
)	O
in	O
development	O
and	O
was	O
canceled	O
with	O
the	O
December	O
1995	O
developer	O
release	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
disappointing	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
620	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
the	O
IBM	B-Architecture
PowerPC	I-Architecture
desktops	O
did	O
not	O
ship	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
reference	O
design	O
(	O
codenamed	O
Sandalbow	O
)	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
601	O
CPU	O
was	O
released	O
as	O
an	O
RS/6000	B-Device
model	O
(	O
Bytes	O
April	O
1994	O
issue	O
included	O
an	O
extensive	O
article	O
about	O
the	O
Apple	O
and	O
IBM	B-Architecture
PowerPC	I-Architecture
desktops	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
lacked	O
a	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
based	O
OS	O
,	O
took	O
a	O
different	O
route	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Utilizing	O
the	O
portability	O
platform	O
yielded	O
by	O
the	O
secret	O
Star	B-Operating_System
Trek	I-Operating_System
project	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
company	O
ported	O
the	O
essential	O
pieces	O
of	O
their	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
to	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
,	O
and	O
further	O
wrote	O
a	O
68k	B-Device
emulator	I-Device
that	O
could	O
run	O
68k	B-Device
based	O
applications	O
and	O
the	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
OS	O
that	O
had	O
not	O
been	O
rewritten	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
generation	O
was	O
"	O
pure	O
"	O
and	O
includes	O
the	O
"	O
low	O
end	O
"	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
603	O
and	O
"	O
high	O
end	O
"	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
604	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
603	O
is	O
notable	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
very	O
low	O
cost	O
and	O
power	B-Architecture
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
68000	B-Device
emulator	O
in	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
could	O
not	O
fit	O
in	O
8KB	O
and	O
thus	O
slowed	O
the	O
computer	O
drastically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
603e	O
solved	O
this	O
problem	O
by	O
having	O
a	O
16KB	O
L1	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
the	O
emulator	O
to	O
run	O
efficiently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
developers	O
at	O
IBM	O
's	O
Essex	O
Junction	O
,	O
Burlington	O
,	O
Vermont	O
facility	O
started	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
that	O
would	O
support	O
the	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
directly	O
on	O
the	O
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
this	O
was	O
just	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
concurrent	O
power	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
projects	O
that	O
IBM	O
was	O
working	O
on	O
,	O
this	O
chip	O
began	O
to	O
be	O
known	O
inside	O
IBM	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
media	O
as	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
615	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Profitability	O
concerns	O
and	O
rumors	O
of	O
performance	O
issues	O
in	O
the	O
switching	O
between	O
the	O
x86	B-Operating_System
and	O
native	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
instruction	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
project	O
being	O
canceled	O
in	O
1995	O
after	O
only	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
chips	O
were	O
produced	O
for	O
in-house	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
also	O
aided	O
the	O
processor	O
's	O
demise	O
by	O
refusing	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
64-bit	B-Device
implementation	O
is	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
620	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
appears	O
to	O
have	O
seen	O
little	O
use	O
because	O
Apple	O
did	O
n't	O
want	O
to	O
buy	O
it	O
and	O
because	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
large	O
die	O
area	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
too	O
costly	O
for	O
the	O
embedded	B-Architecture
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
later	O
and	O
slower	O
than	O
promised	O
,	O
and	O
IBM	O
used	O
their	O
own	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
design	O
instead	O
,	O
offering	O
no	O
64-bit	B-Device
"	O
small	O
"	O
version	O
until	O
the	O
late-2002	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-General_Concept
970	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
970	O
is	O
a	O
64-bit	B-Device
processor	I-Device
derived	O
from	O
the	O
POWER4	B-Device
server	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
create	O
it	O
,	O
the	O
POWER4	B-Device
core	O
was	O
modified	O
to	O
be	O
backward-compatible	O
with	O
32-bit	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
a	O
vector	O
unit	O
(	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
AltiVec	B-General_Concept
extensions	O
in	O
Motorola	O
's	O
74xx	O
series	O
)	O
was	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
RS64	B-Device
processors	O
are	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
chips	O
implementing	O
the	O
"	O
Amazon	O
"	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
processors	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
RS/6000	B-Device
and	O
IBM	B-Device
AS/400	I-Device
computer	O
families	O
;	O
the	O
Amazon	O
architecture	O
includes	O
proprietary	O
extensions	O
used	O
by	O
AS/400	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
POWER4	B-Device
and	O
later	O
POWER	B-Architecture
processors	O
implement	O
the	O
Amazon	O
architecture	O
and	O
replaced	O
the	O
RS64	B-Device
chips	O
in	O
the	O
RS/6000	B-Device
and	O
AS/400	B-Device
families	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
developed	O
a	O
separate	O
product	O
line	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
4xx	O
"	O
line	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
embedded	B-Architecture
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerically	O
,	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
is	O
mostly	O
found	O
in	O
controllers	O
in	O
cars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
automotive	O
market	O
,	O
Freescale	O
Semiconductor	O
initially	O
offered	O
many	O
variations	O
called	O
the	O
MPC5xx	B-General_Concept
family	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
MPC555	B-General_Concept
,	O
built	O
on	O
a	O
variation	O
of	O
the	O
601	O
core	O
called	O
the	O
8xx	O
and	O
designed	O
in	O
Israel	O
by	O
MSIL	O
(	O
Motorola	O
Silicon	O
Israel	O
Limited	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
use	O
the	O
newer	O
e200	B-Device
series	O
of	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
cores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Networking	O
is	O
another	O
area	O
where	O
embedded	B-Architecture
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
are	O
found	O
in	O
large	O
numbers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MSIL	O
took	O
the	O
QUICC	B-Device
engine	O
from	O
the	O
MC68302	B-Device
and	O
made	O
the	O
PowerQUICC	B-General_Concept
MPC860	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Variants	O
of	O
the	O
PowerQUICC	B-General_Concept
include	O
the	O
MPC850	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
MPC823/MPC823e	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
variants	O
include	O
a	O
separate	O
RISC	B-Architecture
microengine	O
called	O
the	O
CPM	B-Device
that	O
offloads	O
communications	O
processing	O
tasks	O
from	O
the	O
central	O
processor	O
and	O
has	O
functions	O
for	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
follow-on	O
chip	O
from	O
this	O
family	O
,	O
the	O
MPC8260	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
603e-based	O
core	O
and	O
a	O
different	O
CPM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Honda	O
also	O
uses	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
for	O
ASIMO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
platform	O
consists	O
of	O
dual	O
PowerPCs	B-Architecture
made	O
by	O
Freescale	O
in	O
a	O
triple	O
redundant	O
setup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
that	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
are	O
generally	O
divided	O
into	O
those	O
that	O
are	O
oriented	O
toward	O
the	O
general-purpose	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
systems	O
,	O
and	O
those	O
oriented	O
toward	O
the	O
embedded	B-Architecture
PowerPC	B-Architecture
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CRUX	O
PPC	O
,	O
with	O
32/64	O
-bit	O
releases	O
supported	O
through	O
release	O
2.0.1.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fedora	O
with	O
32/64	O
-bit	O
ppc	O
releases	O
up	O
to	O
version	O
12	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
Fedora	O
secondary	O
architecture	O
from	O
Fedora	O
16	O
onwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
,	O
Full	O
support	O
for	O
Old	O
World	O
and	O
New	O
World	O
PowerMacs	B-Device
(	O
32/64	O
-bit	O
)	O
,	O
PS3	B-Operating_System
Cell	O
,	O
IBM	O
POWER	B-Architecture
systems	O
through	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Leap	O
11.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
Tumbleweed	B-Operating_System
supports	O
ppc64le	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	O
Hat	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
32-bit	O
ppc	O
support	O
was	O
dropped	O
following	O
release	O
of	O
5.11	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Companies	O
that	O
have	O
licensed	O
the	O
64-bit	B-Device
POWER	B-Architecture
or	O
32-bit	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
from	O
IBM	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
were	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
now-discontinued	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
consoles	I-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Power	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
is	O
currently	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
desktop	O
computers	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Power	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
is	O
currently	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
embedded	B-Architecture
applications	O
:	O
</s>
