<s>
Play	B-Language
Framework	I-Language
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
framework	I-Application
which	O
follows	O
the	O
model	O
–	O
view	O
–	O
controller	O
(	O
MVC	O
)	O
architectural	O
pattern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
Scala	B-Application
and	O
usable	O
from	O
other	O
programming	O
languages	O
that	O
are	O
compiled	O
to	O
JVM	B-Language
bytecode	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
aims	O
to	O
optimize	O
developer	O
productivity	O
by	O
using	O
convention	B-Application
over	I-Application
configuration	I-Application
,	O
hot	O
code	O
reloading	O
and	O
display	O
of	O
errors	O
in	O
the	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
the	O
Scala	B-Application
programming	I-Application
language	I-Application
has	O
been	O
available	O
since	O
version	O
1.1	O
of	O
the	O
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
version	O
2.0	O
,	O
the	O
framework	O
core	O
was	O
rewritten	O
in	O
Scala	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Build	O
and	O
deployment	O
was	O
migrated	O
to	O
SBT	B-Language
,	O
and	O
templates	B-Application
use	O
Scala	B-Application
instead	O
of	O
Apache	B-Application
Groovy	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Version	O
history	O
Version	O
Date	O
Notes	O
The	O
first	O
published	O
code	O
for	O
1.0	O
appeared	O
on	O
Launchpad	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
after	O
a	O
move	O
from	O
Launchpad	B-Protocol
to	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
included	O
a	O
migration	O
from	O
Apache	B-Language
MINA	I-Language
to	O
JBoss	B-Language
Netty	I-Language
,	O
Scala	B-Application
support	O
,	O
native	O
GlassFish	B-Language
container	O
,	O
an	O
asynchronous	O
web	O
services	O
library	O
,	O
OAuth	O
support	O
,	O
HTTPS	B-Protocol
support	O
and	O
other	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
included	O
dependency	O
management	O
with	O
Apache	B-Language
Ivy	I-Language
,	O
support	O
for	O
WebSocket	B-Protocol
,	O
integrated	O
database	O
migration	O
(	O
reversion	O
was	O
not	O
implemented	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
switch	O
to	O
the	O
H2	B-Language
database	I-Language
as	O
the	O
default	O
development	O
database	O
and	O
other	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
netty	B-Language
,	O
hibernate	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compatible	O
to	O
Java	B-Language
7	O
and	O
removed	O
support	O
for	O
Java	B-Language
6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dropped	O
support	O
for	O
java	B-Language
version	O
prior	O
to	O
1.8	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compatible	O
to	O
Java	B-Language
14	O
,	O
libraries	O
upgraded	O
Compatible	O
to	O
Java	B-Language
17	O
,	O
libraries	O
upgraded	O
,	O
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
java	B-Language
version	O
prior	O
to	O
11	O
,	O
Play	O
scripts	O
upgrade	O
to	O
Python	O
3	O
Sadek	O
Drobi	O
joined	O
Guillaume	O
Bort	O
late	O
2011	O
to	O
create	O
Play	O
2.0	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
Typesafe	O
Stack	O
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upgraded	O
to	O
Scala	B-Application
2.10	O
and	O
introduced	O
,	O
among	O
other	O
new	O
features	O
,	O
modularization	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
JSON	O
API	B-Application
,	O
filters	O
and	O
RequireJS	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upgraded	O
support	O
for	O
SBT	B-Language
to	O
0.13	O
,	O
better	O
support	O
for	O
buffering	O
,	O
built	O
in	O
support	O
for	O
gzip	O
and	O
new	O
stage	O
and	O
dist	O
tasks	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
native	O
packaging	O
on	O
several	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
OS	O
X	O
(	O
DMG	O
)	O
,	O
Linux	O
(	O
RPM	O
,	O
DEB	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Windows	O
(	O
MSI	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
zip	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introducing	O
the	O
Activator	O
command	O
,	O
better	O
tooling	O
for	O
static	O
assets	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
Java	B-Language
8	O
and	O
Scala	B-Application
2.11	O
,	O
better	O
performance	O
,	O
Web	O
Service	O
enhancement	O
and	O
support	O
to	O
integrate	O
Actors	O
and	O
Web	B-Protocol
Sockets	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Dependency	B-Library
injection	I-Library
out	O
of	O
the	O
box	O
,	O
the	O
possibility	O
to	O
embed	O
Play	O
inside	O
other	O
applications	O
,	O
improved	O
Java	B-Language
8	O
support	O
,	O
HikariCP	O
as	O
the	O
default	O
connection	O
pool	O
and	O
better	O
testing	O
APIs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Switched	O
from	O
Iteratees	O
to	O
Akka	B-Language
Streams	I-Language
for	O
all	O
asynchronous	B-Architecture
IO	I-Architecture
and	O
streaming	O
,	O
replaced	O
custom	O
functional	O
types	O
with	O
Java	B-Language
8	O
types	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
CompletionStage	O
and	O
Optional	O
)	O
,	O
introduced	O
equivalent	O
Java	B-Language
APIs	B-Application
for	O
features	O
that	O
previously	O
only	O
existing	O
in	O
the	O
Scala	B-Application
API	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
implementing	O
filters	O
and	O
custom	O
body	O
parsers	O
and	O
with	O
a	O
20%	O
performance	O
increase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
Akka	B-Language
HTTP	B-Protocol
as	O
the	O
default	O
server	O
backend	O
,	O
experimental	O
HTTP/2	B-Protocol
support	O
,	O
Scala	B-Application
2.12	O
support	O
,	O
no	O
more	O
global	O
state	O
under	O
the	O
hood	O
,	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
Web	I-General_Concept
Token	I-General_Concept
format	O
for	O
cookies	O
,	O
improved	O
security	O
and	O
configuration	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scala	B-Application
2.13	O
support	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
Caffeine	O
as	O
underlying	O
cache	O
implementation	O
,	O
updated	O
HikariCP	O
and	O
Guice	B-Application
versions	O
,	O
improved	O
form	O
validation	O
and	O
file	O
uploading	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Play	O
is	O
heavily	O
inspired	O
by	O
ASP.NET	B-Language
MVC	I-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
and	O
Django	B-Language
and	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
this	O
family	O
of	O
frameworks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Play	O
web	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
Scala	B-Application
or	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
in	O
an	O
environment	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
less	O
Java	B-Language
Enterprise	O
Edition-centric	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Play	O
uses	O
no	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
constraints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
make	O
Play	O
simpler	O
to	O
develop	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
Java-centric	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Play	O
1.x	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
packaged	O
as	O
WAR	B-Language
files	O
to	O
be	O
distributed	O
to	O
standard	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
application	B-Application
servers	I-Application
,	O
Play	O
2.x	O
applications	O
are	O
now	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
using	O
the	O
built-in	O
Akka	B-Language
HTTP	B-Protocol
or	O
Netty	B-Language
web	O
servers	O
exclusively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stateless	B-Protocol
:	O
Play	O
2	O
is	O
fully	O
RESTful	B-Protocol
–	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
session	O
per	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integrated	O
unit	O
testing	O
:	O
JUnit	B-Language
and	O
Selenium	B-Library
support	O
is	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
API	B-Application
comes	O
with	O
most	O
required	O
elements	O
built-in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Asynchronous	B-Architecture
I/O	I-Architecture
:	O
due	O
to	O
using	O
Akka	B-Language
HTTP	B-Protocol
as	O
its	O
web	O
server	O
,	O
Play	O
can	O
service	O
long	O
requests	O
asynchronously	O
rather	O
than	O
tying	O
up	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
threads	O
doing	O
business	O
logic	O
like	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
frameworks	O
that	O
do	O
n't	O
use	O
the	O
asynchronous	O
support	O
offered	O
by	O
Servlet	O
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modular	O
architecture	O
:	O
like	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
and	O
Django	B-Language
,	O
Play	O
comes	O
with	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
modules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	O
Scala	B-Application
support	O
:	O
Play	O
2	O
uses	O
Scala	B-Application
internally	O
but	O
also	O
exposes	O
both	O
a	O
Scala	B-Application
API	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
API	B-Application
that	O
is	O
deliberately	O
slightly	O
different	O
to	O
fit	O
in	O
with	O
Java	B-Language
conventions	O
,	O
and	O
Play	O
is	O
completely	O
interoperable	O
with	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Play	O
provides	O
integration	O
with	O
test	O
frameworks	O
for	O
unit	O
testing	O
and	O
functional	B-Application
testing	I-Application
for	O
both	O
Scala	B-Application
and	O
Java	B-Language
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Scala	B-Application
,	O
integrations	O
with	O
Scalatest	O
and	O
Specs2	O
are	O
provided	O
out-of-the-box	O
and	O
,	O
for	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
there	O
is	O
integration	O
with	O
JUnit	B-Language
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
both	O
languages	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
also	O
integration	O
with	O
Selenium	B-Library
(	O
software	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SBT	B-Language
is	O
used	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
tests	O
and	O
also	O
to	O
generate	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
code	O
coverage	O
tools	O
by	O
using	O
sbt	B-Language
plugins	O
such	O
as	O
or	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2011	O
,	O
Heroku	B-General_Concept
announced	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
Play	O
applications	O
on	O
its	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
followed	O
module-based	O
support	O
for	O
Play	O
1.0	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
App	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
,	O
and	O
documented	O
support	O
on	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
Play	B-Language
Framework	I-Language
was	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
Scala	B-Application
project	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2015	O
,	O
Play	O
was	O
the	O
3rd	O
most	O
popular	O
Scala	B-Application
library	O
in	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
based	O
on	O
64,562	O
Libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
21.3	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
Scala	B-Application
projects	O
used	O
Play	O
as	O
their	O
framework	O
of	O
choice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Corporate	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
Play	B-Language
Framework	I-Language
have	O
included	O
Coursera	O
,	O
HuffPost	O
,	O
Hootsuite	B-Application
,	O
Janrain	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Connectifier	O
.	O
</s>
