<s>
Greenplum	O
is	O
a	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
technology	O
based	O
on	O
MPP	B-Operating_System
architecture	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
Postgres	B-Application
open	O
source	O
database	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
its	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
software	O
became	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Pivotal	B-Application
Greenplum	I-Application
Database	I-Application
sold	O
through	O
Pivotal	O
Software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Greenplum	O
,	O
based	O
in	O
San	O
Mateo	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
released	O
its	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
software	O
based	O
on	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
in	O
April	O
2005	O
calling	O
it	O
Bizgres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sun	B-Device
Fire	I-Device
X4500	I-Device
was	O
a	O
reference	O
architecture	O
and	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
customers	O
until	O
a	O
transition	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
Linux	B-Application
around	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Greenplum	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
EMC	O
Corporation	O
in	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
becoming	O
the	O
foundation	O
of	O
EMC	O
's	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
software	O
division	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Greenplum	O
had	O
customers	O
in	O
vertical	O
markets	O
including	O
eBay	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
A	O
variant	O
using	O
Apache	B-Application
Hadoop	I-Application
to	O
store	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
Hadoop	B-Application
file	O
system	O
called	O
Hawq	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
the	O
GreenplumDB	O
and	O
Hawq	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
projects	O
were	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pivotal	O
's	O
Greenplum	O
database	O
product	O
uses	O
massively	B-Operating_System
parallel	I-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
(	O
MPP	O
)	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
computer	B-Architecture
cluster	I-Architecture
consists	O
of	O
a	O
master	O
node	O
,	O
standby	O
master	O
node	O
,	O
and	O
segment	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segment	O
nodes	O
run	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
segments	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
modified	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
database	B-Application
instances	I-Application
and	O
are	O
assigned	O
a	O
content	O
identifier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
each	O
table	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
divided	O
among	O
the	O
segment	O
nodes	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
distribution	O
column	O
keys	O
specified	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
in	O
the	O
data	B-Language
definition	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Structured	B-Language
Query	I-Language
Language	I-Language
,	O
version	O
SQL:2003	B-Language
,	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
present	O
queries	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Competitors	O
include	O
other	O
MPP	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
provided	O
by	O
major	O
vendors	O
such	O
as	O
Teradata	O
,	O
Amazon	O
Redshift	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
,	O
Alibaba	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
IBM	O
Netezza	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
competition	O
comes	O
from	O
other	O
smaller	O
competitors	O
,	O
column-oriented	B-General_Concept
databases	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
HP	O
Vertica	O
,	O
Exasol	O
and	O
data	O
warehousing	O
vendors	O
with	O
non	O
MPP	B-Operating_System
architecture	I-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
Oracle	B-Device
Exadata	I-Device
,	O
IBM	B-Application
Db2	I-Application
and	O
SAP	B-Application
HANA	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
5	O
includes	O
the	O
first	O
iteration	O
of	O
the	O
Greenplum	O
project	O
strategy	O
of	O
merging	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
later	O
versions	O
back	O
into	O
Greenplum	O
and	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
version	O
8.3	O
up	O
from	O
the	O
previous	O
version	O
8.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
5	O
also	O
introducing	O
the	O
General	O
Availability	O
of	O
the	O
GPORCA	O
Optimizer	O
for	O
cost	O
based	O
optimization	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
designed	O
for	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
