<s>
A	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
is	O
a	O
table	B-Application
of	O
grouped	O
values	O
that	O
aggregates	O
the	O
individual	O
items	O
of	O
a	O
more	O
extensive	O
table	B-Application
(	O
such	O
as	O
from	O
a	O
database	O
,	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
,	O
or	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
program	I-General_Concept
)	O
within	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
discrete	O
categories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
summary	O
might	O
include	O
sums	O
,	O
averages	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
statistics	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
groups	O
together	O
using	O
a	O
chosen	O
aggregation	O
function	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
grouped	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
is	O
a	O
generic	O
term	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
held	O
a	O
trademark	O
on	O
the	O
term	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
from	O
1994	O
to	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
their	O
book	O
Pivot	B-Application
Table	I-Application
Data	O
Crunching	O
,	O
Bill	O
Jelen	O
and	O
Mike	O
Alexander	O
refer	O
to	O
Pito	O
Salas	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
father	O
of	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
concept	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
program	O
that	O
would	O
eventually	O
become	O
Lotus	B-Device
Improv	I-Device
,	O
Salas	O
noted	O
that	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
have	O
patterns	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
core	O
functionality	O
would	O
provide	O
the	O
model	O
for	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
months	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Improv	O
,	O
Brio	O
Technology	O
published	O
a	O
standalone	O
Macintosh	B-Device
implementation	O
,	O
called	O
DataPivot	O
(	O
with	O
technology	O
eventually	O
patented	O
in	O
1999	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Borland	O
purchased	O
the	O
DataPivot	O
technology	O
in	O
1992	O
and	O
implemented	O
it	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
application	O
,	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
in	O
1994	O
Microsoft	O
Excel5	O
brought	O
a	O
new	O
functionality	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
PivotTable	B-Application
"	O
to	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
further	O
improved	O
this	O
feature	O
in	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Excel	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Corporation	O
made	O
PIVOT	O
and	O
UNPIVOT	O
operators	O
available	O
in	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
11g	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
typical	O
data	O
entry	O
and	O
storage	O
,	O
data	O
usually	O
appear	O
in	O
flat	O
tables	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
they	O
consist	O
of	O
only	O
columns	O
and	O
rows	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
portion	O
of	O
a	O
sample	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
showing	O
data	O
on	O
shirt	O
types	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
can	O
help	O
quickly	O
summarize	O
the	O
data	O
and	O
highlight	O
the	O
desired	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
usage	O
of	O
a	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
is	O
extremely	O
broad	O
and	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
situation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
usually	O
consists	O
of	O
row	O
,	O
column	O
and	O
data	O
(	O
or	O
fact	O
)	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
fields	O
allow	O
several	O
kinds	O
of	O
aggregations	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
sum	O
,	O
average	O
,	O
standard	B-General_Concept
deviation	I-General_Concept
,	O
count	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
are	O
not	O
created	O
automatically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
one	O
must	O
first	O
select	O
the	O
entire	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
original	O
table	B-Application
and	O
then	O
go	O
to	O
the	O
Insert	O
tab	O
and	O
select	O
"	O
Pivot	B-Application
Table	I-Application
"	O
(	O
or	O
"	O
Pivot	B-Application
Chart	I-Application
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
then	O
has	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
either	O
inserting	O
the	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
into	O
an	O
existing	O
sheet	O
or	O
creating	O
a	O
new	O
sheet	O
to	O
house	O
the	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
field	O
list	O
is	O
provided	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
which	O
lists	O
all	O
the	O
column	O
headers	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
if	O
a	O
table	B-Application
represents	O
sales	O
data	O
of	O
a	O
company	O
,	O
it	O
might	O
include	O
Date	O
of	O
sale	O
,	O
Salesperson	O
,	O
Item	O
sold	O
,	O
Color	O
of	O
the	O
item	O
,	O
Units	O
sold	O
,	O
Per	O
unit	O
price	O
,	O
and	O
total	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
default	O
,	O
the	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
layout	O
design	O
will	O
appear	O
below	O
this	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pivot	B-Application
Table	I-Application
fields	O
are	O
the	O
building	O
blocks	O
of	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
uses	O
of	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
are	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
questionnaires	O
with	O
optional	O
responses	O
but	O
some	O
implementations	O
of	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
do	O
not	O
allow	O
these	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
the	O
implementation	O
in	O
LibreOffice	B-Operating_System
Calc	I-Operating_System
since	O
2012	O
is	O
not	O
able	O
to	O
process	O
empty	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Report	O
filter	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
apply	O
a	O
filter	O
to	O
an	O
entire	O
table	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
"	O
Color	O
of	O
Item	O
"	O
field	O
is	O
dragged	O
to	O
this	O
area	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
table	B-Application
constructed	O
will	O
have	O
a	O
report	O
filter	O
inserted	O
above	O
the	O
table	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
an	O
option	O
is	O
chosen	O
from	O
this	O
drop-down	O
list	O
(	O
"	O
Black	O
"	O
in	O
this	O
example	O
)	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
table	B-Application
that	O
would	O
be	O
visible	O
will	O
contain	O
only	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
those	O
rows	O
that	O
have	O
the	O
"	O
Color	O
of	O
Item	O
=	O
Black	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Column	O
labels	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
apply	O
a	O
filter	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
columns	O
that	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
shown	O
in	O
the	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
if	O
the	O
"	O
Salesperson	O
"	O
field	O
is	O
dragged	O
to	O
this	O
area	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
table	B-Application
constructed	O
will	O
have	O
values	O
from	O
the	O
column	O
"	O
Sales	O
Person	O
"	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
one	O
will	O
have	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
columns	O
equal	O
to	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
"	O
Salesperson	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
example	O
above	O
,	O
this	O
instruction	O
will	O
create	O
five	O
columns	O
in	O
the	O
table	B-Application
—	O
one	O
for	O
each	O
salesperson	O
,	O
and	O
Grand	O
Total	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
filter	O
above	O
the	O
data	O
—	O
column	O
labels	O
—	O
from	O
which	O
one	O
can	O
select	O
or	O
deselect	O
a	O
particular	O
salesperson	O
for	O
the	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
table	B-Application
will	O
not	O
have	O
any	O
numerical	O
values	O
as	O
no	O
numerical	O
field	O
is	O
selected	O
but	O
when	O
it	O
is	O
selected	O
,	O
the	O
values	O
will	O
automatically	O
get	O
updated	O
in	O
the	O
column	O
of	O
"	O
Grand	O
total	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Row	O
labels	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
apply	O
a	O
filter	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
rows	O
that	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
shown	O
in	O
the	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
"	O
Salesperson	O
"	O
field	O
is	O
dragged	O
on	O
this	O
area	O
then	O
the	O
other	O
output	O
table	B-Application
constructed	O
will	O
have	O
values	O
from	O
the	O
column	O
"	O
Salesperson	O
"	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
one	O
will	O
have	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
rows	O
equal	O
to	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
"	O
Sales	O
Person	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
example	O
above	O
,	O
this	O
instruction	O
will	O
create	O
five	O
rows	O
in	O
the	O
table	B-Application
—	O
one	O
for	O
each	O
salesperson	O
,	O
and	O
Grand	O
Total	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
filter	O
above	O
the	O
data	O
—	O
row	O
labels	O
—	O
from	O
which	O
one	O
can	O
select	O
or	O
deselect	O
a	O
particular	O
salesperson	O
for	O
the	O
Pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
table	B-Application
will	O
not	O
have	O
any	O
numerical	O
values	O
,	O
as	O
no	O
numerical	O
field	O
is	O
selected	O
,	O
but	O
when	O
it	O
is	O
selected	O
,	O
the	O
values	O
will	O
automatically	O
get	O
updated	O
in	O
the	O
Row	O
of	O
"	O
Grand	O
Total	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
or	O
pivot	O
functionality	O
are	O
an	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
many	O
spreadsheet	B-Language
applications	I-Language
and	O
some	O
database	O
software	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
being	O
found	O
in	O
other	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
tools	O
and	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
supports	O
PivotTables	B-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
visualized	O
through	O
PivotCharts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LibreOffice	B-Operating_System
Calc	I-Operating_System
and	O
Openoffice	B-Application
Calc	I-Application
support	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
version	O
3.4	O
,	O
this	O
feature	O
was	O
named	O
"	O
DataPilot	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calligra	B-Language
Sheets	I-Language
supports	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Language
Sheets	I-Language
natively	O
supports	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numbers	B-Operating_System
,	O
from	O
Apple	O
Inc.	O
,	O
gained	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
support	O
in	O
version	O
11.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PostgreSQL	B-Application
,	O
an	O
object	B-General_Concept
–	I-General_Concept
relational	I-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
allows	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
using	O
the	O
tablefunc	O
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MariaDB	B-Application
,	O
a	O
MySQL	O
fork	O
,	O
allows	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
using	O
the	O
CONNECT	O
storage	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
supports	O
pivot	O
queries	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
crosstab	B-Application
"	O
query	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
supports	O
the	O
PIVOT	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
popular	O
databases	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
directly	O
support	O
pivot	O
functionality	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
SQLite	B-Language
,	O
can	O
usually	O
simulate	O
pivot	O
functionality	O
using	O
embedded	O
functions	O
,	O
dynamic	O
SQL	O
or	O
subqueries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ZK	B-Language
,	O
an	O
Ajax	O
framework	O
,	O
also	O
allows	O
the	O
embedding	O
of	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
in	O
Web	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	O
languages	O
and	O
libraries	O
suited	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
tabular	O
data	O
contain	O
functions	O
that	O
allow	O
the	O
creation	O
and	O
manipulation	O
of	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Python	O
data	O
analysis	O
toolkit	O
pandas	B-Application
has	O
the	O
function	O
pivot_table	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
xs	O
method	O
useful	O
to	O
obtain	O
sections	O
of	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
R	O
has	O
the	O
Tidyverse	B-Algorithm
metapackage	O
,	O
which	O
contains	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
tools	O
providing	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
functionality	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
pivottabler	O
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Excel	B-Application
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
include	O
the	O
feature	O
to	O
directly	O
query	O
an	O
online	B-Application
analytical	I-Application
processing	I-Application
(	O
OLAP	B-Application
)	O
server	O
for	O
retrieving	O
data	O
instead	O
of	O
getting	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
an	O
Excel	B-Application
spreadsheet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
this	O
configuration	O
,	O
a	O
pivot	B-Application
table	I-Application
is	O
a	O
simple	O
client	O
of	O
an	O
OLAP	B-Application
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Excel	B-Application
's	O
PivotTable	B-Application
not	O
only	O
allows	O
for	O
connecting	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Analysis	O
Service	O
,	O
but	O
to	O
any	O
XML	O
for	O
Analysis	O
(	O
XMLA	O
)	O
OLAP	B-Application
standard-compliant	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
