<s>
Pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
exists	O
in	O
most	O
countries	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DCR	O
(	O
Danmarks	B-Application
Commercielle	I-Application
Radio	I-Application
)	O
begins	O
transmissions	O
from	O
the	O
MV	O
Lucky	O
Star	O
on	O
15	O
September	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
15	O
May	O
2012	O
,	O
Byens	O
Radio	O
has	O
been	O
broadcasting	O
for	O
the	O
second	O
longest	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
station	I-Application
in	O
Denmark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
longest	O
lasting	O
non-commercial	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
station	I-Application
in	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
Denmark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Finland	O
,	O
most	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	I-Application
operated	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
and	O
the	O
early	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
because	O
Yleisradio	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
legitimate	O
broadcaster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
licenses	O
were	O
granted	O
for	O
local	O
FM	O
radio	O
stations	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
much	O
wider	O
variety	O
of	O
music	O
,	O
thus	O
lessening	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
wave	O
included	O
Radio	O
Verte	O
,	O
Radio	B-Application
Ivre	I-Application
,	O
Radio	O
Active	O
and	O
Radio	O
Lorraine	O
Coeur	O
d'Acier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
,	O
the	O
President	O
of	O
the	O
Republic	O
,	O
Valéry	O
Giscard	O
d'Estaing	O
asked	O
the	O
government	O
to	O
put	O
an	O
end	O
to	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
Irish	B-Application
pirate	I-Application
radio	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
70	O
's	O
some	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
started	O
to	O
broadcast	O
using	O
FM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radio	O
Veronica	O
transmitted	O
in	O
Dutch	O
on	O
AM	B-Device
mediumwave	B-Algorithm
(	O
192	O
meter	O
,	O
1562	O
kHz	O
;	O
later	O
538	O
meter	O
,	O
557	O
kHz	O
)	O
from	O
the	O
MV	O
Borkum	O
Riff	O
and	O
after	O
1965	O
from	O
the	O
MV	B-Application
Norderney	I-Application
in	O
international	O
waters	O
off	O
the	O
coast	O
of	O
Scheveningen	O
,	O
and	O
soon	O
became	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
radio	O
station	O
in	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radio	O
Noordzee	O
Internationaal	O
(	O
RNI	O
)	O
broadcasting	O
on	O
AM	B-Device
,	O
FM	O
and	O
international	O
shortwave	O
from	O
the	O
MV	O
Mebo	O
II	O
which	O
was	O
originally	O
anchored	O
off	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
owners	O
of	O
this	O
station	O
were	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
Nigerian	O
Civil	O
War	O
:	O
(	O
Biafra	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
complicated	O
involvement	O
with	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
electronic	O
equipment	O
that	O
featured	O
in	O
the	O
trial	O
of	O
the	O
men	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
Pan	O
Am	B-Device
Flight	O
103	O
Lockerbie	O
bombing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radio	B-Application
Delmare	I-Application
aboard	O
the	O
MV	O
Martina	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
still	O
many	O
Dutch	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	I-Application
,	O
mostly	O
located	O
in	O
rural	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
claimed	O
that	O
in	O
2011	O
approx	O
50%	O
of	O
all	O
European	O
Pirate	B-Application
Stations	I-Application
are	O
located	O
in	O
the	O
East-Netherlands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Especially	O
the	O
provinces	O
of	O
Overijssel	O
,	O
Friesland	O
and	O
Drenthe	O
have	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
pirate	B-Application
stations	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
western	O
Brabant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	I-Application
air	O
the	O
so	O
called	O
"	O
pirate	O
music	O
"	O
,	O
traditional	O
Dutch	O
folk	O
music	O
combined	O
with	O
classic	O
English	O
,	O
German	O
and	O
Polka	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
about	O
~	O
40	O
Pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	I-Application
based	O
in	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
hundreds	O
of	O
short	O
broadcasts	O
of	O
pre-recorded	O
programs	O
prepared	O
and	O
aired	O
by	O
a	O
clandestine	O
network	O
of	O
activists	O
who	O
called	O
themselves	O
Solidarity	O
Radio	O
(	O
Radio	O
Solidarność	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
programs	O
,	O
sometimes	O
preceded	O
by	O
a	O
leaflet	O
campaign	O
announcing	O
an	O
up-coming	O
broadcast	O
,	O
were	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
broad-based	O
Solidarity	O
(	O
Solidarność	B-Application
)	O
workers	O
,	O
pro-democracy	O
movement	O
,	O
which	O
eventually	O
succeeded	O
in	O
overcoming	O
communism	O
in	O
Poland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
station	O
was	O
the	O
behind-the-scenes	O
creation	O
of	O
American	O
Top	O
40	O
broadcasting	O
pioneer	O
Gordon	O
McLendon	O
and	O
Clint	O
Murchison	O
,	O
owner	O
of	O
the	O
Dallas	O
Cowboys	O
football	B-Application
team	O
,	O
both	O
from	O
Dallas	O
,	O
Texas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
made	O
this	O
station	O
notable	O
was	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
U.S.	O
evangelist	O
Herbert	O
W	O
.	O
Armstrong	O
,	O
who	O
financed	O
by	O
his	O
daily	O
paid	O
broadcasts	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
successful	O
offshore	O
stations	O
which	O
followed	O
,	O
believed	O
in	O
the	O
project	O
to	O
the	O
extent	O
that	O
his	O
broadcast	O
called	O
The	O
World	O
Tomorrow	O
was	O
listed	O
in	O
the	O
radio	O
log	O
of	O
his	O
worldwide	O
magazine	O
(	O
The	O
Plain	O
Truth	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
being	O
heard	O
at	O
8	O
p.m.	O
daily	O
at	O
306	O
metres	O
in	O
the	O
medium	B-Algorithm
wave	I-Algorithm
:	O
(	O
AM	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
voices	O
from	O
Radio	O
Caroline	O
included	O
Simon	O
Dee	O
,	O
Carl	O
Conway	O
,	O
John	O
Junkin	O
and	O
Chris	B-Application
Moore	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radio	O
London	O
began	O
broadcasting	O
from	O
a	O
former	O
US	O
minesweeper	O
renamed	O
MV	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
anchored	O
in	O
British	O
territorial	O
waters	O
off	O
South-east	O
England	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
Sutch	O
sold	O
the	O
station	O
to	O
his	O
musical	O
manager	O
Reg	B-Architecture
Calvert	I-Architecture
,	O
who	O
renamed	O
it	O
Radio	O
City	O
and	O
set	O
about	O
upgrading	O
its	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Radio	O
City	O
Death	O
:	O
Reginald	B-Architecture
Calvert	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
manager	O
of	O
Screaming	O
Lord	O
Sutch	O
and	O
the	O
owner	O
of	O
Radio	O
City	O
,	O
was	O
shot	O
dead	O
at	O
the	O
home	O
of	O
Major	O
Oliver	O
Smedley	O
in	O
1966	O
following	O
falling	O
out	O
over	O
a	O
joint	O
venture	O
financing	O
arrangement	O
between	O
Radio	O
City	O
and	O
Radio	O
Caroline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
the	O
sensational	O
death	O
of	O
Reg	B-Architecture
Calvert	I-Architecture
and	O
lurid	O
tales	O
depicting	O
real	O
swashbuckling	B-Application
piracy	I-Application
,	O
the	O
British	O
government	O
were	O
finally	O
able	O
to	O
bring	O
in	O
legislation	O
to	O
make	O
offshore	O
broadcasting	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
British	O
criminal	O
law	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SRE	O
arrived	O
around	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
death	O
of	O
Reg	B-Architecture
Calvert	I-Architecture
,	O
owner	O
of	O
Radio	O
City	O
and	O
the	O
political	O
drive	O
to	O
bring	O
in	O
legislation	O
to	O
shut	O
the	O
offshore	O
stations	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
station	O
closed	O
in	O
1967	O
just	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
Marine	B-Application
Broadcasting	I-Application
Offences	I-Application
Act	I-Application
becoming	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
comedy	O
film	O
The	O
Boat	O
That	O
Rocked	O
is	O
a	O
fictionalised	O
and	O
unrealistic	O
view	O
of	O
offshore	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
,	O
set	O
in	O
1966	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Marine	B-Application
Broadcasting	I-Application
Offences	I-Application
Act	I-Application
(	O
Marine	O
&	O
Etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
on	O
board	O
was	O
a	O
Dutch	O
service	O
on	O
another	O
AM	B-Device
frequency	O
(	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
technique	O
as	O
had	O
been	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
Mi	O
Amigo	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
managed	O
under	O
contract	O
to	O
Dutch	O
organizations	O
and	O
known	O
variously	O
as	O
:	O
Radio	O
Monique	O
,	O
Radio	O
558	O
and	O
Radio	O
819	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
household	O
names	O
that	O
later	O
broadcast	O
from	O
the	O
BBC	O
started	O
their	O
careers	O
with	O
the	O
offshore	O
broadcasters	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
Tony	O
Blackburn	O
,	O
Dave	O
Cash	O
,	O
Kenny	O
Everett	O
,	O
John	O
Peel	O
(	O
briefly	O
)	O
,	O
Emperor	B-Application
Rosko	I-Application
,	O
Keith	B-Application
Skues	I-Application
,	O
Ed	B-Application
Stewart	I-Application
,	O
Dave	O
Lee	O
Travis	O
and	O
Johnnie	B-Application
Walker	I-Application
.	O
</s>
