<s>
Pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
or	O
a	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
station	I-Application
is	O
a	O
radio	O
station	O
that	O
broadcasts	O
without	O
a	O
valid	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
is	O
sometimes	O
called	O
bootleg	B-Application
radio	I-Application
(	O
a	O
term	O
especially	O
associated	O
with	O
two-way	O
radio	O
)	O
,	O
clandestine	B-Application
radio	I-Application
(	O
associated	O
with	O
heavily	O
politically	O
motivated	O
operations	O
)	O
or	O
free	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
XERF	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
radio	O
stations	O
in	O
Mexico	O
,	O
which	O
sold	O
their	O
broadcasting	O
time	O
to	O
sponsors	O
of	O
English-language	O
commercial	O
and	O
religious	O
programs	O
,	O
were	O
labelled	O
as	O
"	O
border	O
blasters	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
"	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	I-Application
"	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
many	O
of	O
their	O
programs	O
could	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
aired	O
by	O
a	O
US-regulated	O
broadcaster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Danish	O
newspapers	O
it	O
was	O
soon	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
in	O
1964	O
Radio	O
Noordzee	O
and	O
TV	O
Noordzee	O
began	O
broadcasting	O
from	O
the	O
REM	O
Island	O
and	O
Radio	O
Veronica	O
acquired	O
a	O
new	O
ship	O
,	O
a	O
converted	O
fishing	O
trawler	O
named	O
MV	B-Application
Norderney	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1960s	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
referred	O
to	O
not	O
only	O
a	O
perceived	O
unauthorized	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
state-run	O
spectrum	O
by	O
the	O
unlicensed	O
broadcasters	O
but	O
also	O
the	O
risk-taking	O
nature	O
of	O
offshore	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	O
that	O
actually	O
operated	O
on	O
anchored	O
ships	O
or	O
marine	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
as	O
far	O
as	O
the	O
British	O
authorities	O
were	O
concerned	O
,	O
Radio	O
Luxembourg	O
was	O
a	O
"	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
station	I-Application
"	O
and	O
British	O
listeners	O
to	O
the	O
station	O
were	O
breaking	O
the	O
law	O
(	O
although	O
as	O
the	O
term	O
'	O
unauthorised	O
 '	O
was	O
never	O
properly	O
defined	O
it	O
was	O
somewhat	O
of	O
a	O
legal	O
grey	O
area	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radio	O
Luxembourg	O
was	O
later	O
joined	O
by	O
other	O
well-known	O
pirate	B-Application
stations	I-Application
received	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
in	O
violation	O
of	O
UK	O
licensing	O
,	O
including	O
Radio	O
Caroline	O
and	O
Radio	O
Atlanta	O
(	O
subsequently	O
Radio	O
Carolines	O
North	O
and	O
South	O
respectively	O
,	O
following	O
their	O
merger	O
and	O
the	O
original	O
ship	O
's	O
relocation	O
)	O
,	O
Radio	O
London	O
and	O
Laser	O
558	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
which	O
broadcast	O
from	O
vessels	O
anchored	O
outside	O
of	O
territorial	O
limits	O
and	O
were	O
therefore	O
legitimate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
in	O
the	O
UK	O
had	O
mostly	O
moved	O
to	O
land-based	O
broadcasting	O
,	O
transmitting	O
from	O
tower	O
blocks	O
in	O
towns	O
and	O
cities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
variation	O
on	O
the	O
term	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
came	O
about	O
during	O
the	O
"	O
Summer	O
of	O
Love	O
"	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
during	O
the	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
were	O
also	O
tagged	O
as	O
being	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
transmissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	O
Radio	O
was	O
used	O
only	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
radio	O
transmissions	O
that	O
were	O
beyond	O
government	O
control	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
offshore	B-Application
radio	I-Application
in	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
free	O
radio	O
was	O
adopted	O
by	O
the	O
Free	O
Radio	O
Association	O
of	O
listeners	O
who	O
defended	O
the	O
rights	O
of	O
the	O
offshore	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	O
broadcasting	O
from	O
ships	O
and	O
marine	O
structures	O
off	O
the	O
coastline	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Europe	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
adopting	O
the	O
term	O
free	O
radio	O
,	O
supportive	O
listeners	O
of	O
what	O
had	O
been	O
called	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
adopted	O
the	O
term	O
'	O
offshore	B-Application
radio	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
usually	O
the	O
term	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
owners	O
of	O
the	O
marine	O
broadcasting	O
stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
laws	O
vary	O
,	O
the	O
interpretation	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
also	O
varies	O
considerably	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Illegal	O
use	O
of	O
licensed	O
radio	O
spectrum	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
bootlegging	O
in	O
CB	B-Application
circles	O
)	O
is	O
fairly	O
common	O
and	O
takes	O
several	O
forms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlicensed	O
operation	O
—	O
Particularly	O
associated	O
with	O
amateur	O
radio	O
and	O
licensed	O
personal	O
communication	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
GMRS	B-General_Concept
,	O
this	O
refers	O
to	O
use	O
of	O
radio	O
equipment	O
on	O
a	O
section	O
of	O
spectrum	O
for	O
which	O
the	O
equipment	O
is	O
designed	O
but	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
not	O
licensed	O
to	O
operate	O
(	O
most	O
such	O
operators	O
are	O
informally	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
bubble	O
pack	O
pirates	O
"	O
from	O
the	O
sealed	O
plastic	O
retail	O
packaging	O
common	O
to	O
such	O
walkie-talkies	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
piracy	O
on	O
the	O
US	O
GMRS	B-General_Concept
band	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
is	O
widespread	O
(	O
some	O
estimates	O
have	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
total	O
GMRS	B-General_Concept
users	O
outstripping	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
licensed	O
users	O
by	O
several	O
orders	O
of	O
magnitude	O
)	O
,	O
such	O
use	O
is	O
generally	O
disciplined	O
only	O
in	O
cases	O
where	O
the	O
pirate	O
's	O
activity	O
interferes	O
with	O
a	O
licensee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
subcategory	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
free	O
banding	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
allocations	O
nearby	O
a	O
legal	O
allocation	O
,	O
most	O
typically	O
the	O
27MHz	O
Citizen	B-Application
's	I-Application
Band	I-Application
using	O
modified	O
or	O
purpose-built	O
gear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
interference	O
results	O
from	O
clashing	O
frequency	O
allocations	O
,	O
and	O
occasionally	O
requires	O
wholesale	O
reallocation	O
of	O
an	O
existing	O
band	O
due	O
to	O
an	O
insurmountable	O
interference	O
problem	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
2004	O
approval	O
in	O
Canada	O
of	O
the	O
unlicensed	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
General	O
Mobile	O
Radio	O
Service	O
frequencies	O
due	O
to	O
interference	O
from	O
users	O
of	O
FRS/GMRS	O
radios	O
from	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
where	O
Industry	O
Canada	O
had	O
to	O
transfer	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
licensed	O
users	O
on	O
the	O
GMRS	B-General_Concept
frequencies	O
to	O
unoccupied	O
channels	O
to	O
accommodate	O
the	O
expanded	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
behaviour	O
is	O
widely	O
prosecuted	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
it	O
interferes	O
with	O
mission-critical	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
aviation	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
or	O
marine	O
VHF	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
equipment	O
includes	O
illegal	O
linear	O
amplifiers	O
for	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
,	O
antenna	O
or	O
circuit	O
modifications	O
on	O
walkie-talkies	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
"	O
export	O
"	O
radios	O
for	O
free	O
banding	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
amateur	O
radios	O
on	O
unlicensed	O
bands	O
that	O
amateur	O
gear	O
is	O
not	O
certified	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KQLZ	O
,	O
a	O
legal	O
radio	O
station	O
billed	O
as	O
Pirate	B-Application
Radio	I-Application
Los	O
Angeles	O
(	O
with	O
a	O
mailing	O
address	O
at	O
a	O
P.O.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
films	O
The	O
Boat	O
That	O
Rocked	O
,	O
Pump	O
Up	O
the	O
Volume	O
,	O
and	O
On	O
the	O
Air	O
Live	O
with	O
Captain	O
Midnight	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
TV	O
series	O
People	O
Just	O
Do	O
Nothing	O
are	O
set	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
,	O
while	O
Born	O
in	O
Flames	O
features	O
pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
stations	I-Application
as	O
being	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
underground	O
political	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pirate	B-Application
radio	I-Application
is	O
also	O
a	O
central	O
plot	O
point	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
Jet	B-Application
Set	I-Application
Radio	I-Application
.	O
</s>
