<s>
Pirate	B-Application
decryption	I-Application
is	O
the	O
decryption	O
,	O
or	O
decoding	O
,	O
of	O
pay	O
TV	O
or	O
pay	O
radio	O
signals	O
without	O
permission	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
broadcaster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
pay	O
TV	O
or	O
pay	O
television	O
involves	O
a	O
broadcaster	O
deliberately	O
transmitting	O
signals	O
in	O
a	O
non-standard	O
,	O
scrambled	O
or	O
encrypted	O
format	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
charge	O
viewers	O
a	O
subscription	O
fee	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
special	O
decoder	O
needed	O
to	O
receive	O
the	O
scrambled	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
pay	O
TV	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
in	O
countries	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
used	O
standard	O
over-the-air	O
transmitters	O
;	O
many	O
restrictions	O
applied	O
as	O
anti-siphoning	O
laws	O
were	O
enacted	O
to	O
prevent	O
broadcasters	B-Operating_System
of	O
scrambled	O
signals	O
from	O
engaging	O
in	O
activities	O
to	O
harm	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
standard	O
free-to-air	O
commercial	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scrambled	O
signals	O
were	O
limited	O
to	O
large	O
communities	O
which	O
already	O
had	O
a	O
certain	O
minimum	O
number	O
of	O
unencrypted	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
stations	O
,	O
relegated	O
to	O
certain	O
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Restrictions	O
were	O
placed	O
on	O
access	O
of	O
pay	O
TV	O
broadcasters	B-Operating_System
to	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
recent	O
feature	O
films	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
give	O
free	O
TV	O
broadcasters	B-Operating_System
a	O
chance	O
to	O
air	O
these	O
programs	O
before	O
they	O
were	O
siphoned	O
away	O
by	O
pay	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
these	O
conditions	O
,	O
the	O
pay	O
TV	O
concept	O
was	O
very	O
slow	O
to	O
become	O
commercially	O
viable	O
;	O
most	O
television	O
and	O
radio	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
remained	O
in-the-clear	O
and	O
were	O
funded	O
by	O
commercial	O
advertising	O
,	O
individual	O
and	O
corporate	O
donations	O
to	O
educational	O
broadcasters	B-Operating_System
,	O
direct	O
funding	O
by	O
governments	O
or	O
license	O
fees	O
charged	O
to	O
the	O
owners	O
of	O
receiving	O
apparatus	O
(	O
the	O
BBC	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pay	O
TV	O
only	O
began	O
to	O
become	O
common	O
after	O
the	O
widespread	O
installation	O
of	O
cable	O
television	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
and	O
1980s	O
;	O
early	O
premium	O
channels	O
were	O
most	O
often	O
movie	O
broadcasters	B-Operating_System
such	O
as	O
the	O
US-based	O
Home	O
Box	O
Office	O
and	O
Cinemax	O
,	O
both	O
currently	O
owned	O
by	O
Time	O
Warner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Signals	O
were	O
obtained	O
for	O
distribution	O
by	O
cable	O
companies	O
using	O
C-band	O
satellite	B-Application
dish	O
antennae	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
ten	O
feet	O
in	O
diameter	O
;	O
the	O
first	O
satellite	B-Application
signals	O
were	O
originally	O
unencrypted	O
as	O
extremely	O
few	O
individual	O
end-users	O
could	O
afford	O
the	O
large	O
and	O
expensive	O
satellite	B-Application
receiving	O
apparatus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
satellite	B-Application
dishes	O
became	O
smaller	O
and	O
more	O
affordable	O
,	O
most	O
satellite	B-Application
signal	O
providers	O
adopted	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
encryption	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
limit	O
reception	O
to	O
certain	O
groups	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
hotels	O
,	O
cable	O
companies	O
,	O
or	O
paid	O
subscribers	O
)	O
or	O
to	O
specific	O
political	O
regions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
encryption	O
attempts	O
such	O
as	O
Videocipher	O
II	O
were	O
common	O
targets	O
for	O
pirate	B-Application
decryption	I-Application
as	O
dismayed	O
viewers	O
saw	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
formerly-unencrypted	O
programming	O
vanishing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nowadays	O
some	O
free-to-air	O
satellite	B-Application
content	O
in	O
the	O
USA	O
still	O
remains	O
,	O
but	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
channels	O
still	O
in	O
the	O
clear	O
are	O
ethnic	O
channels	O
,	O
local	O
over-the-air	O
TV	O
stations	O
,	O
international	O
broadcasters	B-Operating_System
,	O
religious	O
programming	O
,	O
backfeeds	O
of	O
network	O
programming	O
destined	O
to	O
local	O
TV	O
stations	O
or	O
signals	O
uplinked	O
from	O
mobile	O
satellite	B-Application
trucks	O
to	O
provide	O
live	O
news	O
and	O
sports	O
coverage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specialty	O
channels	O
and	O
premium	O
movie	O
channels	O
are	O
most	O
often	O
encrypted	O
;	O
in	O
most	O
countries	O
,	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
containing	O
explicit	O
pornography	O
must	O
always	O
be	O
encrypted	O
to	O
prevent	O
reception	O
by	O
those	O
who	O
wish	O
children	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
exposed	O
to	O
this	O
sort	O
of	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
attempts	O
to	O
encrypt	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
signals	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
analogue	O
techniques	O
of	O
questionable	O
security	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
being	O
one	O
or	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
encryption	O
methods	O
used	O
for	O
big-dish	O
satellite	B-Application
systems	O
used	O
a	O
hybrid	O
approach	O
;	O
analogue	O
video	O
and	O
digital	O
encrypted	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Direct	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
satellites	B-Application
and	O
digital	B-Device
cable	I-Device
services	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
digital	O
format	O
,	O
are	O
free	O
to	O
use	O
more	O
robust	O
security	O
measures	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Data	B-Algorithm
Encryption	I-Algorithm
Standard	I-Algorithm
(	O
DES	B-Algorithm
)	O
or	O
the	O
RSA	B-Architecture
and	O
IDEA	B-Algorithm
digital	O
encryption	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
first	O
introduced	O
,	O
digital	O
DBS	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
were	O
touted	O
as	O
being	O
secure	O
enough	O
to	O
put	O
an	O
end	O
to	O
piracy	O
once	O
and	O
for	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
countermeasure	O
employed	O
by	O
NDS	B-Device
Group	I-Device
,	O
the	O
designers	O
of	O
the	O
VideoCrypt	O
system	O
was	O
to	O
issue	O
a	O
new	O
smartcard	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Sky	O
10	O
card	O
)	O
that	O
included	O
an	O
ASIC	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
card	O
's	O
microcontroller	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
,	O
the	O
program	O
in	O
the	O
Sky	O
card	O
's	O
microcontroller	B-Architecture
could	O
be	O
rewritten	O
for	O
other	O
microcontrollers	B-Architecture
without	O
too	O
much	O
difficulty	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
addition	O
of	O
an	O
ASIC	O
took	O
the	O
battle	O
between	O
the	O
system	O
designers	O
and	O
pirates	O
to	O
another	O
level	O
and	O
it	O
bought	O
BSkyB	O
at	O
least	O
six	O
months	O
of	O
almost	O
piracy-free	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
before	O
the	O
pirate	O
Sky	O
10	O
cards	O
appeared	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pirate	O
DirecTV	O
cards	O
based	O
on	O
microcontrollers	B-Architecture
that	O
were	O
often	O
ironically	O
more	O
secure	O
than	O
that	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
official	O
card	O
became	O
a	O
major	O
problem	O
for	O
DirecTV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
sites	O
may	O
be	O
located	O
offshore	O
in	O
countries	O
where	O
local	O
laws	O
permit	O
the	O
information	O
and	O
software	B-Application
to	O
be	O
distributed	O
openly	O
;	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
notorious	O
software	B-Application
distributed	O
to	O
pirates	O
ranges	O
from	O
NagraEdit	O
(	O
a	O
program	O
intended	O
to	O
edit	O
the	O
information	O
stored	O
on	O
Swiss-designed	O
Kudelski	O
NagraVision	B-Device
1	I-Device
smartcards	O
)	O
to	O
firmware	B-Application
which	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
reprogram	O
some	O
free-to-air	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
or	O
desktop	O
PCs	B-Device
equipped	O
with	O
Digital	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Broadcasting	I-Application
(	O
DVB	B-Application
)	O
tuner	O
cards	O
to	O
permit	O
them	O
to	O
decode	O
encrypted	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
less	O
secure	O
encryption	O
is	O
used	O
due	O
to	O
processor	O
limitations	O
on	O
the	O
smartcards	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
cryptographic	O
attack	O
using	O
distributed	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cryptographic	O
attack	O
against	O
a	O
56-bit	O
DES	B-Algorithm
code	O
would	O
still	O
be	O
prohibitively	O
time-consuming	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
distributed	O
approach	O
in	O
which	O
many	O
users	O
each	O
run	O
software	B-Application
to	O
scan	O
just	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
possible	O
combinations	O
,	O
then	O
upload	O
results	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
central	O
points	O
on	O
a	O
network	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
may	O
provide	O
information	O
of	O
value	O
to	O
pirates	O
who	O
wish	O
to	O
break	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distributed	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
attacks	O
were	O
used	O
,	O
successfully	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
against	O
the	O
D2-MAC/EuroCrypt	O
system	O
used	O
in	O
Europe	O
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
suit	O
alleged	O
that	O
competitor	O
NDS	B-Device
Group	I-Device
had	O
maliciously	O
used	O
reverse	O
engineering	O
to	O
obtain	O
the	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
contained	O
within	O
various	O
pay-TV	O
smartcards	O
(	O
including	O
SECA	B-Device
and	O
Nagra	O
cards	O
)	O
and	O
allowed	O
the	O
results	O
to	O
be	O
posted	O
to	O
Internet	O
sites	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
notorious	O
DR7.com	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
cases	O
,	O
off-the-shelf	O
hardware	O
with	O
modified	O
firmware	B-Application
designed	O
to	O
exploit	O
this	O
weakness	O
was	O
sold	O
to	O
pirates	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
tampering	O
with	O
cards	O
for	O
the	O
US-based	O
DirecTV	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
overflow	I-General_Concept
exploits	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
gain	O
access	O
to	O
otherwise	O
locked	O
cards	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
reprogram	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
techniques	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
write	B-Device
protection	I-Device
for	O
memory	B-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
smartcards	O
or	O
receivers	O
to	O
make	O
deactivation	O
or	O
sabotage	O
of	O
tampered	O
cards	O
by	O
signal	O
providers	O
more	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
European	O
systems	O
,	O
the	O
conditional-access	B-Device
module	I-Device
(	O
CAM	B-Device
)	O
which	O
serves	O
as	O
a	O
standardized	O
interface	O
between	O
smartcard	O
and	O
DVB	B-Application
receiver	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
targeted	O
for	O
tampering	O
or	O
replaced	O
by	O
third-party	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two-way	O
communication	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
designers	O
of	O
proprietary	O
digital	B-Device
cable	I-Device
TV	O
equipment	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
make	O
tampering	O
more	O
difficult	O
or	O
easier	O
to	O
detect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Season	O
"	O
interface	O
for	O
example	O
is	O
named	O
after	O
the	O
Season7	O
hack	O
on	O
Sky	O
TV	O
which	O
allowed	O
a	O
PC	B-Device
to	O
emulate	O
a	O
legitimate	O
Sky-TV	O
smartcard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Season7	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
seventh	O
and	O
final	O
season	O
of	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Next	I-Application
Generation	I-Application
which	O
was	O
then	O
showing	O
on	O
Sky	O
One	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
terminology	O
used	O
on	O
Internet	B-Application
discussion	I-Application
sites	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
various	O
devices	O
,	O
programs	O
and	O
techniques	O
used	O
in	O
dealing	O
with	O
video	O
piracy	O
is	O
strange	O
,	O
non-standard	O
,	O
or	O
specific	O
to	O
one	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
would	O
provide	O
power	O
,	O
clock	O
and	O
reset	O
signals	O
to	O
a	O
smartcard	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
bidirectional	O
serial	O
data	O
interface	O
to	O
permit	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
is	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
allows	O
a	O
computer	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
a	O
smartcard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
models	O
use	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
connection	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
sophisticated	O
readers	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
systems	O
where	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
itself	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
secured	O
using	O
smartcard	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AVR	O
and	O
ATmega	O
are	O
trade	O
names	O
for	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
general-purpose	O
8-bit	O
microcontroller	B-Architecture
chips	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Atmel	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emulation	B-Application
refers	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
in	O
place	O
of	O
a	O
smartcard	O
using	O
an	O
ISO/IEC	O
7816-compatible	O
"	O
Season	O
"	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PC	B-Device
,	O
as	O
far	O
as	O
the	O
decoder	O
is	O
concerned	O
,	O
becomes	O
a	O
legitimate	O
smartcard	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
program	O
running	O
on	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
,	O
for	O
development	O
purposes	O
,	O
the	O
PC	B-Device
is	O
programmed	B-General_Concept
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
entire	O
instruction	O
set	O
of	O
the	O
smartcard	O
's	O
microcontroller	B-Architecture
to	O
allow	O
smartcard	O
code	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
more	O
readily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
some	O
encryption	O
systems	O
require	O
an	O
application-specific	O
IC	O
(	O
ASIC	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
card	O
to	O
perform	O
decryption	O
,	O
a	O
pirate	O
would	O
also	O
use	O
a	O
card	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
"	O
auxed	O
"	O
(	O
reprogrammed	O
to	O
pass	O
received	O
computer	O
data	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
application-specific	O
decryption	O
chip	O
)	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
employ	O
such	O
an	O
emulation	B-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
looped	O
smartcard	O
is	O
one	O
where	O
defective	O
or	O
malicious	O
program	O
code	O
written	O
to	O
non-volatile	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
causes	O
the	O
smartcard	O
's	O
microcontroller	B-Architecture
to	O
enter	O
an	O
endless	B-Algorithm
loop	I-Algorithm
on	O
power-up	O
or	O
reset	O
,	O
rendering	O
the	O
card	O
unusable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unloopers	O
were	O
smartcard	O
repair	O
stations	O
intended	O
to	O
cause	O
the	O
card	O
to	O
skip	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
instructions	O
by	O
applying	O
a	O
"	O
glitch	O
"	O
in	O
some	O
form	O
to	O
the	O
power	O
or	O
clock	O
signal	O
in	O
the	O
hope	O
of	O
allowing	O
the	O
smartcard	O
's	O
microcontroller	B-Architecture
to	O
exit	O
from	O
the	O
endless	B-Algorithm
loop	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bootloaders	O
were	O
hardware	O
which	O
used	O
a	O
similar	O
"	O
glitch	O
"	O
to	O
break	O
a	O
card	O
out	O
of	O
an	O
endless	B-Algorithm
loop	I-Algorithm
on	O
power-up	O
each	O
time	O
the	O
card	O
was	O
used	O
;	O
these	O
did	O
not	O
provide	O
any	O
smartcard	O
reprogramming	O
ability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
is	O
an	O
international	O
standard	O
for	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
broadcasting	I-Application
used	O
by	O
virtually	O
all	O
European	O
broadcasters	B-Operating_System
;	O
some	O
North	O
American	O
providers	O
use	O
incompatible	O
proprietary	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
DSS	O
(	O
DirecTV	O
)	O
or	O
DigiCipher	B-Device
(	O
Motorola	O
)	O
which	O
predate	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
standardisation	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
packet	O
size	O
,	O
tables	O
and	O
control	O
information	O
transmitted	O
by	O
proprietary	O
systems	O
require	O
proprietary	O
non-DVB	O
receivers	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
the	O
video	O
itself	O
nominally	O
in	O
some	O
form	O
will	O
often	O
still	O
adhere	O
to	O
the	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
image	O
compression	O
standard	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
Moving	O
Picture	O
Experts	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
IRD	O
is	O
an	O
integrated	O
receiver-decoder	O
,	O
in	O
other	O
words	O
a	O
complete	O
digital	O
satellite	B-Application
TV	O
or	O
radio	O
receiver	O
;	O
"	O
decoder	O
"	O
in	O
this	O
context	O
refers	O
not	O
to	O
decryption	O
but	O
to	O
the	O
decompression	O
and	O
conversion	O
of	O
MPEG	O
video	O
into	O
displayable	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTA	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
receivers	O
and	O
equipment	O
which	O
contain	O
no	O
decryption	O
hardware	O
,	O
built	O
with	O
the	O
intention	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
receive	O
unencrypted	O
free-to-air	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
;	O
more	O
properly	O
FTA	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
unencrypted	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CAM	B-Device
or	O
conditional-access	B-Device
module	I-Device
is	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
standard	O
as	O
an	O
interface	O
between	O
a	O
standardised	O
DVB	B-Application
Common	B-Device
Interface	I-Device
receiver	O
and	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
proprietary	O
smartcards	O
for	O
signal	O
decryption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
format	O
of	O
this	O
module	O
follows	O
PCMCIA	B-Architecture
specifications	O
;	O
some	O
receivers	O
bypass	O
the	O
requirement	O
for	O
a	O
separate	O
module	O
by	O
providing	O
embedded	O
CAM	B-Device
functionality	O
in	O
the	O
receiver	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
specific	O
proprietary	O
smartcards	O
such	O
as	O
Nagravision	B-Device
,	O
Conax	B-Device
,	O
Irdeto	O
,	O
Viaccess	B-Device
,	O
Betacrypt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
North	O
American	O
market	O
,	O
most	O
"	O
package	O
receivers	O
"	O
sold	O
by	O
signal	O
providers	O
provide	O
embedded	O
CAM	B-Device
operation	O
;	O
terminology	O
is	O
therefore	O
often	O
misused	O
to	O
misidentify	O
the	O
smartcard	O
as	O
a	O
CAM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operating	O
using	O
a	O
six-wire	O
interface	O
and	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
the	O
JTAG	O
interface	O
was	O
originally	O
intended	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
test	O
and	O
debug	O
embedded	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
TV	O
world	O
,	O
JTAG	O
is	O
most	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
obtain	O
read-write	O
access	O
to	O
nonvolatile	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
within	O
a	O
digital	O
receiver	O
;	O
initially	O
programs	O
such	O
as	O
Wall	O
and	O
JKeys	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
read	O
box	O
keys	O
from	O
receivers	O
with	O
embedded	O
CAMs	O
but	O
JTAG	O
has	O
since	O
proven	O
its	O
legitimate	O
worth	O
to	O
satellite	B-Application
TV	O
fans	O
as	O
a	O
repair	O
tool	O
to	O
fix	O
receivers	O
where	O
the	O
firmware	B-Application
(	O
in	O
flash	O
memory	B-General_Concept
)	O
has	O
been	O
corrupted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sombrero	O
de	O
Patel	O
is	O
another	O
device	O
used	O
to	O
obtain	O
direct	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
to	O
a	O
receiver	O
without	O
physically	O
removing	O
memory	B-General_Concept
chips	O
from	O
the	O
board	O
to	O
place	O
them	O
in	O
sockets	O
or	O
read	O
them	O
with	O
a	O
specialized	O
device	O
programmer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
standard	O
PLCC	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
socket	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
turned	O
upside-down	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
be	O
placed	O
directly	O
over	O
a	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
already	O
permanently	O
soldered	O
to	O
a	O
printed	O
circuit	O
board	O
in	O
a	O
receiver	O
;	O
the	O
socket	O
makes	O
electrical	O
contact	O
with	O
all	O
pins	O
of	O
the	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
and	O
is	O
interfaced	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
microcontrollers	B-Architecture
which	O
use	O
direct	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
to	O
pause	O
the	O
receiver	O
's	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
and	O
read	O
or	O
write	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
memory	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	O
card	O
piracy	O
involves	O
the	O
unauthorised	O
use	O
of	O
conditional-access	O
smart	O
cards	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
gain	O
,	O
and	O
potentially	O
provide	O
to	O
others	O
,	O
unauthorised	O
access	O
to	O
pay-TV	O
or	O
even	O
private	O
media	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
common	O
release	O
method	O
is	O
by	O
releasing	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
smart	O
card	O
user	O
to	O
reprogram	O
their	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
modifying	O
original	O
cards	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
information	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
smart	O
card	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
encryption	O
emulator	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
,	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
programmed	B-General_Concept
into	O
a	O
cable	O
or	O
satellite	B-Application
receiver	O
's	O
internal	O
software	B-Application
,	O
and	O
offered	O
for	O
download	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
as	O
a	O
firmware	B-Application
upgrade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
times	O
,	O
many	O
underground	O
forum	B-Application
websites	O
dedicated	O
to	O
the	O
hobby	O
of	O
satellite	B-Application
piracy	O
and	O
encryption	O
emulated	B-Application
Free	O
To	O
Air	O
(	O
FTA	O
)	O
receivers	O
have	O
been	O
set	O
up	O
,	O
giving	O
up-to-date	O
information	O
on	O
satellite	B-Application
and	O
cable	B-Application
piracy	I-Application
,	O
including	O
making	O
available	O
firmware	B-Application
downloads	O
for	O
receivers	O
,	O
and	O
very	O
detailed	O
encryption	O
system	O
information	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
is	O
called	O
card	B-Device
sharing	I-Device
,	O
which	O
works	O
by	O
making	O
available	O
the	O
smart	O
card	O
decoding	O
information	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
to	O
other	O
users	O
,	O
via	O
a	O
computer	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Police	O
monitoring	O
of	O
unsecured	O
card	B-Device
sharing	I-Device
networks	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
prosecutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
Viaccess	B-Device
,	O
Nagravision	B-Device
,	O
SECA	B-Device
Mediaguard	B-Device
and	O
Conax	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
largely	O
thanks	O
to	O
there	O
being	O
no	O
PC	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
conditional-access	B-Device
modules	I-Device
(	O
CAMs	O
)	O
available	O
for	O
either	O
encryption	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
unauthorised	O
decryption	O
of	O
media	O
being	O
illegal	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
smart	O
card	O
piracy	O
is	O
a	O
crime	O
which	O
is	O
very	O
rarely	O
punished	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
it	O
being	O
virtually	O
undetectable	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
satellite	B-Application
viewing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
caused	O
much	O
confusion	O
in	O
places	O
such	O
as	O
Europe	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
proximity	O
of	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
the	O
large	O
land	O
mass	O
covered	O
by	O
satellite	B-Application
beams	O
,	O
allows	O
signal	O
access	O
to	O
many	O
different	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
been	O
several	O
high-profile	O
prosecution	O
cases	O
in	O
the	O
USA	O
,	O
where	O
satellite	B-Application
dealers	O
have	O
been	O
taken	O
to	O
court	O
resulting	O
in	O
large	O
fines	O
or	O
jail	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
Internet	B-Device
key	I-Device
sharing	I-Device
scheme	O
consists	O
of	O
one	O
smart	O
card	O
with	O
a	O
valid	O
,	O
paid	O
subscription	O
which	O
is	O
located	O
on	O
an	O
Internet	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
generates	O
a	O
stream	O
of	O
real-time	O
decryption	O
keys	O
which	O
are	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
to	O
remotely	O
located	O
satellite	B-Application
receivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Limiting	O
factors	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
remotely	O
located	O
satellite	B-Application
receivers	O
are	O
the	O
network	O
latency	O
and	O
the	O
period	O
between	O
the	O
updated	O
keys	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
client	O
's	O
receiver	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
decrypted	O
key	O
stream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
receiver	O
is	O
configured	O
in	O
an	O
identical	O
manner	O
,	O
a	O
clone	O
receiving	O
the	O
same	O
television	O
signal	O
from	O
a	O
satellite	B-Application
and	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
internet	O
server	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
decryption	O
keys	O
to	O
unlock	O
that	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
risk	O
that	O
as	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
card	O
clients	O
on	O
the	O
card	B-Device
sharing	I-Device
network	O
grows	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
attract	O
the	O
attention	O
of	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
TV	O
service	O
provider	O
and	O
law	O
enforcement	O
agencies	O
and	O
the	O
monitoring	O
of	O
IP	O
addresses	O
associated	O
with	O
this	O
card	B-Device
sharing	I-Device
network	O
may	O
identify	O
individual	O
users	O
and	O
server	O
operators	O
who	O
then	O
become	O
targets	O
for	O
legal	O
action	O
by	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
TV	O
service	O
provider	O
or	O
by	O
legal	O
authorities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Key	O
sharing	O
schemes	O
are	O
typically	O
used	O
where	O
replacement	O
of	O
compromised	O
smart	O
card	O
systems	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
deprecation	O
of	O
Nagra	O
1/2	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
Nagra	O
3	O
)	O
has	O
made	O
other	O
pirate	B-Application
decryption	I-Application
methods	O
non-functional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2014	O
,	O
an	O
episode	O
of	O
BBC	O
's	O
"	O
Inside	O
Out	O
"	O
disclosed	O
that	O
the	O
complete	O
Sky	O
TV	O
package	O
could	O
be	O
obtained	O
from	O
black-market	O
sources	O
for	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
£10	O
per	O
month	O
through	O
Internet	B-Device
key	I-Device
sharing	I-Device
,	O
Swansea	O
and	O
Cardiff	O
were	O
highlighted	O
with	O
significant	O
activity	O
in	O
pubs	O
using	O
cracked	O
boxes	O
to	O
show	O
Premier	O
League	O
football	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
countries	O
such	O
as	O
Canada	O
and	O
many	O
Caribbean	O
nations	O
(	O
except	O
for	O
the	O
Dominican	O
Republic	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
black	O
market	O
in	O
satellite	B-Application
TV	O
piracy	O
is	O
closely	O
tied	O
to	O
the	O
gray	O
market	O
activity	O
of	O
using	O
direct	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
satellite	B-Application
signals	O
to	O
watch	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
intended	O
for	O
one	O
country	O
in	O
some	O
other	O
,	O
adjacent	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
refusal	O
of	O
most	O
providers	O
to	O
knowingly	O
issue	O
subscriptions	O
outside	O
their	O
home	O
country	O
leads	O
to	O
a	O
situation	O
where	O
pirate	B-Application
decryption	I-Application
is	O
perceived	O
as	O
being	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
few	O
ways	O
to	O
obtain	O
certain	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
grey	O
market	O
for	O
US	O
satellite	B-Application
receivers	O
in	O
Canada	O
at	O
one	O
point	O
was	O
estimated	O
to	O
serve	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
several	O
hundred	O
thousand	O
English-speaking	O
Canadian	O
households	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canadian	O
authorities	O
,	O
acting	O
under	O
pressure	O
from	O
cable	O
companies	O
and	O
domestic	O
broadcasters	B-Operating_System
,	O
have	O
made	O
many	O
attempts	O
to	O
prevent	O
Canadians	O
from	O
subscribing	O
to	O
US	O
direct-broadcast	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
T	O
's	O
DirecTV	O
and	O
Echostar	O
's	O
Dish	O
Network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domestic	O
satellite	B-Application
and	O
cable	O
providers	O
have	O
adopted	O
a	O
strategy	O
of	O
judicial	O
delay	O
in	O
which	O
their	O
legal	O
counsel	O
will	O
file	O
an	O
endless	O
series	O
of	O
otherwise-useless	O
motions	O
before	O
the	O
courts	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
proponents	O
of	O
the	O
grey-market	O
systems	O
run	O
out	O
of	O
money	O
before	O
the	O
"	O
Charter	O
Challenge	O
"	O
issue	O
is	O
decided	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
evidence	O
compiled	O
by	O
Mr.	O
McKenzie	O
from	O
his	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
clients	O
in	O
opposition	O
to	O
this	O
challenge	O
was	O
so	O
overwhelming	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
abandoned	O
and	O
the	O
Court	O
ordered	O
that	O
substantial	O
costs	O
be	O
paid	O
by	O
the	O
applicants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
cases	O
,	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
distributors	O
will	O
require	O
a	O
domestic	O
billing	O
address	O
before	O
issuing	O
a	O
subscription	O
;	O
post	O
boxes	O
and	O
commercial	O
mail	O
receiving	O
agencies	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
by	O
grey-market	O
subscribers	O
to	O
foreign	O
providers	O
to	O
circumvent	O
this	O
restriction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Satellite	B-Application
providers	O
are	O
severely	O
limited	O
in	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
offer	O
subscriptions	O
to	O
distant	O
locals	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
further	O
lawsuits	O
by	O
local	O
affiliates	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
network	O
in	O
the	O
subscribers	O
home	O
designated	O
market	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
California	O
stations	O
have	O
sued	O
satellite	B-Application
providers	O
who	O
distributed	O
New	O
York	O
signals	O
nationally	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
distant	O
stations	O
would	O
have	O
an	O
unfair	O
advantage	O
by	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
the	O
same	O
programming	O
three	O
hours	O
earlier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
desirable	O
not	O
only	O
to	O
receive	O
Canadian-only	O
content	O
,	O
but	O
because	O
some	O
US-produced	O
programs	O
air	O
in	O
Canada	O
in	O
advance	O
of	O
their	O
US	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
question	O
of	O
signal	O
substitution	O
,	O
by	O
which	O
Canadian	O
cable	O
and	O
satellite	B-Application
providers	O
substitute	O
the	O
signal	O
of	O
a	O
local	O
or	O
domestic	O
channel	O
over	O
a	O
foreign	O
or	O
distant	O
channel	O
carrying	O
the	O
same	O
program	O
,	O
is	O
rendered	O
more	O
complex	O
by	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
a	O
reverse	O
grey	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
countries	O
such	O
as	O
Nicaragua	O
during	O
Sandinista	O
rule	O
,	O
Cuba	O
,	O
Iran	O
(	O
Islamic	O
Republic	O
of	O
Iran	O
)	O
and	O
Afghanistan	O
during	O
Taliban	O
rule	O
and	O
Iraq	O
during	O
the	O
Saddam	O
Hussein	O
regime	O
,	O
have	O
attempted	O
to	O
prohibit	O
their	O
citizens	O
from	O
receiving	O
any	O
satellite	B-Application
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
from	O
foreign	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
situation	O
in	O
Europe	O
differs	O
somewhat	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
much	O
greater	O
linguistic	O
diversity	O
in	O
that	O
region	O
and	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
standardized	O
DVB	B-Application
receivers	O
capable	O
of	O
receiving	O
multiple	O
providers	O
and	O
free-to-air	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
European	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
British	O
Sky	O
Broadcasting	B-Operating_System
prohibit	O
subscriptions	O
outside	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
Ireland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
other	O
satellite	B-Application
providers	O
such	O
as	O
Sky	O
Deutschland	O
do	O
sell	O
yearly	O
subscription	O
cards	O
legally	O
to	O
customers	O
in	O
other	O
European	O
countries	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
an	O
address	O
or	O
other	O
personal	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
global	O
football	O
authorities	O
of	O
various	O
competitions	O
collectively	O
condemned	O
a	O
pirate	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
channel	O
of	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
,	O
BeoutQ	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
right	O
holders	O
running	O
Premier	O
League	O
,	O
FIFA	O
World	O
Cup	O
and	O
UEFA	O
Champions	O
League	O
called	O
on	O
the	O
authorities	O
of	O
the	O
Arab	O
nation	O
to	O
halt	O
the	O
operations	O
of	O
its	O
homegrown	O
pirate	O
TV	O
and	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
service	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
involved	O
in	O
illegal	O
streaming	O
of	O
matches	O
internationally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BeoutQ	B-Application
emerged	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
and	O
since	O
has	O
been	O
widely	O
available	O
across	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2015	O
,	O
several	O
sports	O
bodies	O
and	O
broadcasters	B-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
the	O
U.S.	O
National	O
Basketball	O
Association	O
,	O
U.S.	O
Tennis	O
Association	O
and	O
Sky	O
demanded	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
to	O
add	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
its	O
“	O
Priority	O
Watch	O
List	O
”	O
over	O
TV	O
piracy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
strategies	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
providers	O
to	O
control	O
or	O
prevent	O
the	O
widespread	O
pirate	B-Application
decryption	I-Application
of	O
their	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
approach	O
has	O
been	O
to	O
take	O
legal	O
action	O
against	O
dealers	O
who	O
sell	O
equipment	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
of	O
use	O
to	O
satellite	B-Application
pirates	O
;	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
the	O
objective	O
has	O
been	O
to	O
obtain	O
lists	O
of	O
clients	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
take	O
or	O
threaten	O
to	O
take	O
costly	O
legal	O
action	O
against	O
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
provider	O
attempts	O
at	O
legal	O
harassment	O
of	O
would-be	O
pirates	O
awkward	O
at	O
best	O
,	O
a	O
serious	O
problem	O
for	O
providers	O
which	O
is	O
growing	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
distribution	O
of	O
third-party	O
software	B-Application
to	O
reprogram	O
some	O
otherwise	O
legitimate	O
free-to-air	O
DVB	B-Application
receivers	O
to	O
decrypt	O
pay	O
TV	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
with	O
no	O
extra	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
approach	O
has	O
been	O
to	O
load	O
malicious	O
code	O
onto	O
smartcards	O
or	O
receivers	O
;	O
these	O
programs	O
are	O
intended	O
to	O
detect	O
tampered	O
cards	O
and	O
maliciously	O
damage	O
the	O
cards	O
or	O
corrupt	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
non-volatile	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
within	O
the	O
receiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
particular	O
Trojan	O
horse	O
attack	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
ECM	O
(	O
electronic	O
countermeasure	O
)	O
by	O
providers	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
where	O
cards	O
and	O
receivers	O
are	O
sold	O
by	O
the	O
providers	O
themselves	O
and	O
are	O
easy	O
targets	O
for	O
insertion	O
of	O
backdoors	O
in	O
their	O
computer	O
firmware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
famous	O
ECM	O
incident	O
was	O
the	O
Black	O
Sunday	O
attack	O
launched	O
against	O
tampered	O
DirecTV	O
"	O
H	O
"	O
on	O
3	O
January	O
21	O
,	O
2001	O
and	O
intended	O
to	O
destroy	O
the	O
cards	O
by	O
overwriting	O
a	O
non-erasable	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
cards	O
internal	O
memory	B-General_Concept
in	O
order	O
to	O
lock	O
the	O
processor	O
into	O
an	O
endless	B-Algorithm
loop	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
provider	O
resorting	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
malicious	O
code	O
are	O
usually	O
temporary	O
at	O
best	O
,	O
as	O
knowledge	O
of	O
how	O
to	O
repair	O
most	O
damage	O
tends	O
to	O
be	O
distributed	O
rapidly	O
by	O
hobbyists	O
through	O
various	O
Internet	B-Application
forums	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Malicious	O
damage	O
to	O
receiver	O
firmware	B-Application
puts	O
providers	O
on	O
even	O
shakier	O
legal	O
ground	O
in	O
the	O
unlikely	O
event	O
that	O
the	O
matter	O
were	O
ever	O
to	O
be	O
heard	O
by	O
the	O
judiciary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Premiere	O
in	O
Germany	O
has	O
replaced	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
smartcards	O
with	O
the	O
Nagravision	B-Device
Aladin	O
card	O
;	O
the	O
US	O
DirecTV	O
system	O
has	O
replaced	O
its	O
three	O
compromised	O
card	O
types	O
(	O
"	O
F	O
"	O
had	O
no	O
encryption	O
chip	O
,	O
"	O
H	O
"	O
was	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
being	O
reprogrammed	O
by	O
pirates	O
and	O
"	O
HU	O
"	O
were	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
a	O
"	O
glitch	O
"	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
them	O
skip	O
an	O
instruction	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dish	O
Network	O
and	O
Bell	O
Satellite	B-Application
TV	O
had	O
released	O
new	O
and	O
more	O
tamper-resistant	O
smart	O
cards	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
ROM2	O
,	O
ROM3	O
,	O
ROM10	O
,	O
ROM11	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
these	O
cards	O
used	O
the	O
Nagravision	B-Device
1	I-Device
access	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
introducing	O
newer	O
and	O
newer	O
security	O
measures	O
,	O
older	O
cards	O
were	O
typically	O
still	O
able	O
to	O
decrypt	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
signal	O
after	O
new	O
cards	O
were	O
released	O
(	O
A	O
lack	O
of	O
EEPROM	B-General_Concept
space	O
on	O
the	O
ROM2	O
cards	O
eventually	O
led	O
to	O
them	O
being	O
unable	O
to	O
receive	O
updates	O
necessary	O
to	O
view	O
programming	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
stop	O
piracy	O
,	O
as	O
by	O
this	O
point	O
the	O
Nagravision	B-Device
1	I-Device
system	O
had	O
been	O
thoroughly	O
reverse-engineered	O
by	O
resourceful	O
hobbyists	O
,	O
an	O
incompatible	O
Nagravision	B-Device
2	I-Device
encryption	O
system	O
was	O
introduced	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
smart	O
card	O
swap-out	O
for	O
existing	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
more	O
cards	O
were	O
swapped	O
,	O
channel	O
groups	O
were	O
slowly	O
converted	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
encryption	O
system	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
pay-per-view	O
and	O
HDTV	B-Device
channels	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
premium	O
movie	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
effort	O
culminated	O
in	O
a	O
complete	O
shutdown	O
of	O
the	O
Nagravision	B-Device
1	I-Device
datastream	O
for	O
all	O
major	O
channels	O
in	O
September	O
,	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
these	O
efforts	O
to	O
secure	O
their	O
programming	O
,	O
a	O
software	B-Application
hack	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
late	O
August	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
the	O
decryption	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
Nagravision	B-Device
2	I-Device
channels	O
with	O
a	O
DVB-S	O
card	O
and	O
a	O
PC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Just	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
early	O
revisions	O
of	O
the	O
Nagravision	B-Device
2	I-Device
cards	O
had	O
been	O
themselves	O
compromised	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broadcast	B-Operating_System
programming	O
currently	O
uses	O
a	O
simulcrypt	O
of	O
Nagravision	B-Device
2	I-Device
and	O
Nagravision	B-Device
3	O
,	O
a	O
first	O
step	O
toward	O
a	O
possible	O
future	O
shutdown	O
of	O
Nagravision	B-Device
2	I-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
groups	O
have	O
been	O
targeted	O
for	O
lawsuits	O
in	O
connection	O
with	O
pirate	B-Application
decryption	I-Application
issues	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
NagraStar	O
"	O
(	O
a	O
joint	O
venture	O
of	O
Nagravision/Kudelski	O
and	O
DishNetwork/Echostar	O
)	O
has	O
also	O
targeted	O
US	O
end	O
users	O
with	O
legal	O
threats	O
and	O
demands	O
for	O
money	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EchoStar	O
,	O
as	O
parent	O
of	O
Dish	O
Network	O
,	O
has	O
sued	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
FTA	O
receivers	O
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
the	O
manufacturers	O
were	O
aware	O
of	O
or	O
complicit	O
in	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
aftermarket	O
software	B-Application
which	O
unlocks	O
channels	O
transmitted	O
with	O
compromised	O
encryption	O
schemes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DirecTV	O
has	O
used	O
the	O
Digital	O
Millennium	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
and	O
the	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Act	O
to	O
target	O
developers	O
and	O
distributors	O
of	O
software	B-Application
that	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
hack	O
DirecTV	O
's	O
older	O
generation	O
access	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Québécor-owned	O
cable	O
television	O
operator	O
Videotron	O
sued	O
Bell	O
Satellite	B-Application
TV	O
on	O
the	O
grounds	O
that	O
free	O
signals	O
from	O
compromised	O
satellite	B-Application
TV	O
encryption	O
unfairly	O
cost	O
the	O
cable	O
company	O
paid	O
subscribers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
severe	O
sentences	O
handed	O
out	O
for	O
satellite	B-Application
TV	O
piracy	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
was	O
to	O
a	O
Canadian	O
businessman	O
,	O
Martin	O
Clement	O
Mullen	O
,	O
widely	O
known	O
for	O
over	O
a	O
decade	O
in	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
industry	O
as	O
"	O
Marty	O
"	O
Mullen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mullen	O
was	O
sentenced	O
to	O
seven	O
years	O
in	O
prison	O
with	O
no	O
parole	O
and	O
ordered	O
to	O
pay	O
DirecTV	O
and	O
smart	O
card	O
provider	O
NDS	B-Device
Ltd	I-Device
.	O
US$24	O
million	O
in	O
restitution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mr.	O
Mullen	O
had	O
operated	O
his	O
satellite	B-Application
piracy	O
business	O
from	O
Florida	O
,	O
the	O
Cayman	O
Islands	O
and	O
from	O
his	O
home	O
in	O
London	O
,	O
Ontario	O
,	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ironically	O
,	O
the	O
NDS	B-Device
Group	I-Device
were	O
accused	O
(	O
in	O
several	O
lawsuits	O
)	O
by	O
Canal+	O
(	O
dismissed	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
otherwise-unrelated	O
corporate	O
takeover	O
deal	O
)	O
and	O
Echostar	O
(	O
now	O
Dish	O
Network	O
)	O
of	O
hacking	O
the	O
Nagra	O
encryption	O
and	O
releasing	O
the	O
information	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bell	O
Satellite	B-Application
TV	O
(	O
as	O
Bell	O
ExpressVu	O
)	O
was	O
sued	O
by	O
Vidéotron	O
,	O
a	O
Québécor-owned	O
rival	O
which	O
operates	O
cable	O
television	O
systems	O
in	O
major	O
Québec	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bell	O
's	O
inferior	O
security	O
and	O
failure	O
to	O
replace	O
compromised	O
smartcards	O
in	O
a	O
timely	O
fashion	O
cost	O
Vidéotron	O
cable	O
subscribers	O
,	O
as	O
viewers	O
could	O
obtain	O
the	O
same	O
content	O
for	O
free	O
from	O
satellite	B-Application
under	O
the	O
compromised	O
Nagra1	O
system	O
from	O
1999	O
to	O
2005	O
;	O
pirate	B-Application
decryption	I-Application
also	O
deprived	O
TVA	O
's	O
French	O
language	O
news	O
channel	O
LCN	O
of	O
a	O
monthly	O
48¢	O
/subscriber	O
fee	O
.	O
</s>
