<s>
A	O
physiognotrace	B-Application
is	O
an	O
instrument	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
trace	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
physiognomy	O
to	O
make	O
semi-automated	O
portrait	O
aquatints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
but	O
also	O
the	O
aquatint	O
prints	O
are	O
called	O
physionotraces	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1783	O
–	O
1784	O
,	O
the	O
Frenchman	O
Gilles-Louis	O
Chrétien	O
invented	O
the	O
"	O
physionotrace	B-Application
"	O
to	O
aid	O
in	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
silhouette	O
portraits	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
popular	O
during	O
the	O
reign	O
of	O
Louis	O
XVI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chrétien	O
's	O
device	O
used	O
the	O
mechanics	O
of	O
the	O
pantograph	O
to	O
transmit	O
the	O
tracing	O
(	O
via	O
an	O
eyepiece	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
subject	O
's	O
profile	O
silhouette	O
to	O
an	O
engraving	B-Application
needle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1802	O
,	O
John	O
Isaac	O
Hawkins	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
born	O
in	O
England	O
in	O
1772	O
and	O
lived	O
in	O
Philadelphia	O
,	O
Pennsylvania	O
,	O
patented	O
the	O
second	O
official	O
physiognotrace	B-Application
and	O
partnered	O
with	O
Charles	O
Willson	O
Peale	O
to	O
market	O
it	O
to	O
prospective	O
buyers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1802	O
,	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
popularity	O
of	O
silhouettes	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
invented	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
eighteenth	O
century	O
,	O
Peale	O
introduced	O
the	O
British	O
inventor	O
John	O
Hawkins	O
's	O
(	O
1772	O
–	O
1855	O
)	O
physiognotrace	B-Application
at	O
his	O
museum	O
in	O
Philadelphia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
1805	O
,	O
Peale	O
wrote	O
his	O
friend	O
Dr.	O
William	O
Thornton	O
to	O
request	O
a	O
certified	O
copy	O
of	O
a	O
patent	O
of	O
a	O
physiognotrace	B-Application
that	O
was	O
issued	O
to	O
Hawkins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
John	O
J	O
.	O
Hawkins	O
had	O
been	O
in	O
England	O
,	O
where	O
he	O
sold	O
patent	O
rights	O
to	O
the	O
polygraph	B-Application
(	O
duplicating	O
device	O
)	O
and	O
drawing	O
machine	O
for	O
1,600	O
guineas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
James	O
Sharples	O
,	O
an	O
itinerant	O
British	O
portrait	O
artist	O
who	O
also	O
lived	O
for	O
a	O
time	O
in	O
Philadelphia	O
,	O
used	O
a	O
physiognotrace	B-Application
to	O
draw	O
profiles	O
of	O
such	O
famous	O
subjects	O
as	O
George	O
Washington	O
and	O
Dolly	O
and	O
James	O
Madison	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
created	O
numerous	O
portraits	O
,	O
often	O
using	O
the	O
physiognotrace	B-Application
technique	O
.	O
</s>
