<s>
Physicalization	B-General_Concept
of	O
computer	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
(	O
the	O
opposite	O
of	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
place	O
multiple	O
physical	O
machines	O
in	O
a	O
rack	O
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
reduce	O
hardware	B-Architecture
costs	O
,	O
since	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
server	O
processors	O
cost	O
more	O
per	O
core	O
than	O
energy	O
efficient	O
laptop	O
processors	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
make	O
up	O
for	O
added	O
cost	O
of	O
board	O
level	O
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	O
physicalization	B-General_Concept
(	O
or	O
simply	O
physicalization	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
a	O
physical	O
artefact	O
whose	O
geometry	O
or	O
material	O
properties	O
encode	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
computers	O
and	O
digital	O
devices	O
,	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
data	O
physicalization	B-General_Concept
already	O
existed	O
in	O
ancient	O
artifacts	O
as	O
a	O
medium	O
to	O
represent	O
abstract	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
data	O
physicalization	B-General_Concept
become	O
popular	O
since	O
the	O
17th	O
century	O
in	O
which	O
architects	O
and	O
engineers	O
widely	O
used	O
such	O
methods	O
in	O
civil	O
engineering	O
and	O
city	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
contemporary	O
examples	O
of	O
data	O
physicalization	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
Galton	O
board	O
designed	O
by	O
Francis	O
Galton	O
who	O
promoted	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
Regression	O
toward	O
the	O
mean	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
began	O
to	O
realize	O
that	O
data	O
physicalization	B-General_Concept
models	O
can	O
not	O
only	O
help	O
agents	O
manage/plan	O
certain	O
tasks	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
can	O
greatly	O
simplify	O
very	O
complex	O
problems	O
by	O
letting	O
users	O
manipulate	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
with	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
work	O
,	O
this	O
model	O
emphasized	O
the	O
visual	O
thinking	O
aspect	O
of	O
data	O
physicalization	B-General_Concept
and	O
supports	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
data	O
types	O
such	O
as	O
maps	O
,	O
matrices	O
,	O
and	O
timelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
physicalization	B-General_Concept
examples	O
include	O
using	O
LEGO	B-Language
bricks	O
to	O
keep	O
track	O
of	O
project	O
progress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
people	O
used	O
LEGO	B-Language
to	O
record	O
their	O
thesis	O
writing	O
progress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
use	O
the	O
LEGO	B-Language
board	O
to	O
set	O
concrete	O
steps	O
before	O
pushing	O
to	O
real	O
publications	O
such	O
as	O
data	O
analysis	O
,	O
data	O
collection	O
,	O
development	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
application	O
involves	O
using	O
LEGO	B-Language
in	O
bug	O
tracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
software	O
engineers	O
,	O
keeping	O
track	O
of	O
the	O
issue	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
base	O
is	O
a	O
crucial	O
task	O
and	O
LEGO	B-Language
simplify	O
this	O
progress	O
by	O
physicalize	O
the	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
specific	O
application	O
of	O
data	O
physicalization	B-General_Concept
involves	O
building	O
tactile	O
maps	O
for	O
visually	O
impaired	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
