<s>
Physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
involves	O
interactive	O
systems	O
that	O
can	O
sense	O
and	O
respond	O
to	O
the	O
world	O
around	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
this	O
definition	O
is	O
broad	O
enough	O
to	O
encompass	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
smart	O
automotive	O
traffic	O
control	O
systems	O
or	O
factory	O
automation	B-Application
processes	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
broader	O
sense	O
,	O
physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
creative	O
framework	O
for	O
understanding	O
human	O
beings	O
 '	O
relationship	O
to	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
practical	O
use	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
most	O
often	O
describes	O
handmade	O
art	O
,	O
design	O
or	O
DIY	O
hobby	O
projects	O
that	O
use	O
sensors	O
and	O
microcontrollers	B-Architecture
to	O
translate	O
analog	O
input	O
to	O
a	O
software	O
system	O
,	O
and/or	O
control	O
electro-mechanical	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
motors	O
,	O
servos	O
,	O
lighting	O
or	O
other	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
intersects	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
activities	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
in	O
academia	O
and	O
industry	O
as	O
electrical	O
engineering	O
,	O
mechatronics	O
,	O
robotics	O
,	O
computer	O
science	O
,	O
and	O
especially	O
embedded	B-Architecture
development	I-Architecture
.	I-Architecture
</s>
<s>
Physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
domains	O
and	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Exploratorium	O
,	O
a	O
pioneer	O
in	O
inquiry	O
based	O
learning	O
,	O
developed	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
interactive	O
exhibitry	O
involving	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
continues	O
to	O
include	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
examples	O
of	O
physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
and	O
tangible	O
interfaces	O
as	O
associated	O
technologies	O
progress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
art	O
world	O
,	O
projects	O
that	O
implement	O
physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
include	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
Scott	O
Snibbe	O
,	O
Daniel	O
Rozin	O
,	O
Rafael	O
Lozano-Hemmer	O
,	O
Jonah	O
Brucker-Cohen	O
,	O
and	O
Camille	O
Utterback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
practices	O
also	O
exist	O
in	O
the	O
product	O
and	O
interaction	O
design	O
sphere	O
,	O
where	O
hand-built	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
are	O
sometimes	O
used	O
to	O
rapidly	O
prototype	O
new	O
digital	B-General_Concept
product	O
concepts	O
in	O
a	O
cost-efficient	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercial	O
implementations	O
range	O
from	O
consumer	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Sony	O
Eyetoy	B-General_Concept
or	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Dance	B-Application
Dance	I-Application
Revolution	I-Application
to	O
more	O
esoteric	O
and	O
pragmatic	O
uses	O
including	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
utilized	O
in	O
the	O
automation	B-Application
of	O
quality	O
inspection	O
along	O
a	O
factory	O
assembly	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Exergaming	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Wii	B-Application
Fit	I-Application
,	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
implementations	O
of	O
physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
include	O
voice	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
,	O
which	O
senses	O
and	O
interprets	O
sound	O
waves	O
via	O
microphones	O
or	O
other	O
soundwave	O
sensing	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
which	O
applies	O
algorithms	O
to	O
a	O
rich	O
stream	O
of	O
video	O
data	O
typically	O
sensed	O
by	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haptic	B-Device
interfaces	O
are	O
also	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
though	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
the	O
computer	O
is	O
generating	O
the	O
physical	O
stimulus	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
sensing	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
and	O
gesture	B-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
are	O
fields	O
that	O
rely	O
on	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
to	O
work	O
their	O
magic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
describe	O
the	O
fabrication	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
custom	O
sensors	O
or	O
collectors	O
for	O
scientific	O
experiments	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
term	O
is	O
rarely	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
them	O
as	O
such	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
modeling	O
is	O
the	O
Illustris	O
project	O
,	O
which	O
attempts	O
to	O
precisely	O
simulate	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
the	O
universe	O
from	O
the	O
Big	B-Application
Bang	I-Application
to	O
the	O
present	O
day	O
,	O
13.8	O
billion	O
years	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prototyping	O
plays	O
an	O
important	O
role	O
in	O
Physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
like	O
the	O
Wiring	B-Device
,	O
Arduino	O
and	O
Fritzing	B-Language
as	O
well	O
as	O
I-CubeX	B-Algorithm
help	O
designers	O
and	O
artists	O
to	O
quickly	O
prototype	O
their	O
interactive	O
concepts	O
.	O
</s>
