<s>
Photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
preceded	O
photographic	O
film	O
as	O
a	O
capture	O
medium	O
in	O
photography	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
still	O
used	O
in	O
some	O
communities	O
up	O
until	O
the	O
late	O
20th	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
light-sensitive	O
emulsion	O
of	O
silver	O
salts	O
was	O
coated	O
on	O
a	O
glass	B-Algorithm
plate	I-Algorithm
,	O
typically	O
thinner	O
than	O
common	O
window	O
glass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glass	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
were	O
far	O
superior	O
to	O
film	O
for	O
research-quality	O
imaging	O
because	O
they	O
were	O
stable	O
and	O
less	O
likely	O
to	O
bend	O
or	O
distort	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
large-format	O
frames	O
for	O
wide-field	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
view	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
nicknamed	O
"	O
The	O
Mammoth	O
"	O
weighing	O
was	O
built	O
by	O
George	O
R	O
.	O
Lawrence	O
in	O
1899	O
,	O
specifically	O
to	O
photograph	O
"	O
The	O
Alton	O
Limited	O
"	O
train	O
owned	O
by	O
the	O
Chicago	O
&	O
Alton	O
Railway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
took	O
photographs	O
on	O
glass	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
measuring	O
×	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glass	B-Algorithm
plate	I-Algorithm
photographic	O
material	O
largely	O
faded	O
from	O
the	O
consumer	O
market	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
years	O
of	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
,	O
as	O
more	O
convenient	O
and	O
less	O
fragile	O
films	O
were	O
increasingly	O
adopted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
were	O
reportedly	O
still	O
being	O
used	O
by	O
one	O
photography	O
business	O
in	O
London	O
until	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
one	O
in	O
Bradford	O
called	O
the	O
Belle	O
Vue	O
Studio	O
that	O
closed	O
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workshops	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
glass	B-Algorithm
plate	I-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
medium	O
or	O
for	O
artistic	O
use	O
are	O
still	O
being	O
conducted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
famous	O
astronomical	O
surveys	O
were	O
taken	O
using	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
,	O
including	O
the	O
first	O
Palomar	O
Observatory	O
Sky	O
Survey	O
(	O
POSS	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
1950s	O
,	O
the	O
follow-up	O
POSS-II	O
survey	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
UK	O
Schmidt	O
survey	O
of	O
southern	O
declinations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
observatories	O
,	O
including	O
Harvard	O
College	O
and	O
Sonneberg	O
,	O
maintain	O
large	O
archives	O
of	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
are	O
used	O
primarily	O
for	O
historical	O
research	O
on	O
variable	O
stars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
solar	O
system	O
objects	O
were	O
discovered	O
by	O
using	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
,	O
superseding	O
earlier	O
visual	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discovery	O
of	O
minor	O
planets	O
using	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
was	O
pioneered	O
by	O
Max	O
Wolf	O
beginning	O
with	O
his	O
discovery	O
of	O
323	O
Brucia	O
in	O
1891	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
natural	O
satellite	O
discovered	O
using	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
was	O
Phoebe	O
in	O
1898	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pluto	O
was	O
discovered	O
using	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
in	O
a	O
blink	O
comparator	O
;	O
its	O
moon	O
Charon	O
was	O
discovered	O
48	O
years	O
later	O
in	O
1978	O
by	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
Naval	O
Observatory	O
astronomer	O
James	O
W	O
.	O
Christy	O
by	O
carefully	O
examining	O
a	O
bulge	O
in	O
Pluto	O
's	O
image	O
on	O
a	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plate	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
important	O
applications	O
of	O
astrophotography	O
,	O
including	O
astronomical	O
spectroscopy	O
and	O
astrometry	O
,	O
continued	O
using	O
plates	O
until	O
digital	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
improved	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
where	O
it	O
could	O
outmatch	O
photographic	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
were	O
also	O
an	O
important	O
tool	O
in	O
early	O
high-energy	O
physics	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
blackened	O
by	O
ionizing	O
radiation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ernest	O
Rutherford	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
absorption	O
,	O
in	O
various	O
materials	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
rays	O
produced	O
in	O
radioactive	O
decay	O
,	O
by	O
using	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
to	O
measure	O
the	O
intensity	O
of	O
the	O
rays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
particle	O
detection	O
optimised	O
nuclear	B-Algorithm
emulsions	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
1930s	O
and	O
1940s	O
,	O
first	O
in	O
physics	O
laboratories	O
,	O
then	O
by	O
commercial	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
enabled	O
the	O
discovery	O
and	O
measurement	O
of	O
both	O
the	O
pi-meson	O
and	O
K-meson	O
,	O
in	O
1947	O
and	O
1949	O
,	O
initiating	O
a	O
flood	O
of	O
new	O
particle	O
discoveries	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photographic	O
emulsions	O
were	O
originally	O
coated	O
on	O
thin	O
glass	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
for	O
imaging	O
with	O
electron	O
microscopes	O
,	O
which	O
provided	O
a	O
more	O
rigid	O
,	O
stable	O
and	O
flatter	O
plane	O
compared	O
to	O
plastic	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
high-contrast	O
,	O
fine	O
grain	O
emulsions	O
coated	O
on	O
thicker	O
plastic	O
films	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Kodak	O
,	O
Ilford	O
and	O
DuPont	O
replaced	O
glass	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
films	O
have	O
largely	O
been	O
replaced	O
by	O
digital	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sensitivity	O
of	O
certain	O
types	O
of	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
to	O
ionizing	O
radiation	O
(	O
usually	O
X-rays	B-Library
)	O
is	O
also	O
useful	O
in	O
medical	B-Application
imaging	I-Application
and	O
material	O
science	O
applications	O
,	O
although	O
they	O
have	O
been	O
largely	O
replaced	O
with	O
reusable	O
and	O
computer	O
readable	O
image	O
plate	O
detectors	O
and	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
X-ray	B-Algorithm
detectors	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
persistent	O
use	O
of	O
plates	O
in	O
astronomical	O
and	O
other	O
scientific	O
applications	O
started	O
to	O
decline	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
as	O
they	O
were	O
gradually	O
replaced	O
by	O
charge-coupled	B-Algorithm
devices	I-Algorithm
(	O
CCDs	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
provide	O
outstanding	O
dimensional	O
stability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CCD	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
have	O
several	O
advantages	O
over	O
glass	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
,	O
including	O
high	O
efficiency	O
,	O
linear	O
light	O
response	O
,	O
and	O
simplified	O
image	O
acquisition	O
and	O
processing	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
even	O
the	O
largest	O
CCD	O
formats	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
8192	O
×	O
8192	O
pixels	O
)	O
still	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
detecting	O
area	O
and	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
of	O
most	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
has	O
forced	O
modern	O
survey	O
cameras	O
to	O
use	O
large	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
arrays	I-Algorithm
to	O
obtain	O
the	O
same	O
coverage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
manufacture	O
of	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
discontinued	O
by	O
Kodak	O
,	O
Agfa	O
and	O
other	O
widely	O
known	O
traditional	O
makers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eastern	O
European	O
sources	O
have	O
subsequently	O
catered	O
to	O
the	O
minimal	O
remaining	O
demand	O
,	O
practically	O
all	O
of	O
it	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
holography	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
requires	O
a	O
recording	O
medium	O
with	O
a	O
large	O
surface	O
area	O
and	O
a	O
submicroscopic	O
level	O
of	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
that	O
currently	O
(	O
2014	O
)	O
available	O
electronic	O
image	O
sensors	O
cannot	O
provide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
institutions	O
have	O
established	O
archives	O
to	O
preserve	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
and	O
prevent	O
their	O
valuable	O
historical	O
information	O
from	O
being	O
lost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
glass	B-Algorithm
plate	I-Algorithm
medium	O
is	O
fragile	O
and	O
prone	O
to	O
cracking	O
if	O
not	O
stored	O
correctly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
George	O
Eastman	O
Museum	O
holds	O
an	O
extensive	O
collection	O
of	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
purportedly	O
were	O
the	O
largest	O
glass	B-Algorithm
negatives	I-Algorithm
discovered	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preservation	O
of	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
particular	O
need	O
in	O
astronomy	O
,	O
where	O
changes	O
often	O
occur	O
slowly	O
and	O
the	O
plates	O
represent	O
irreplaceable	O
records	O
of	O
the	O
sky	O
and	O
astronomical	O
objects	O
that	O
extend	O
back	O
over	O
100	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
historical	O
collection	O
of	O
photographic	B-Algorithm
plates	I-Algorithm
from	O
Mt	O
.	O
</s>
