<s>
Actian	B-Application
Zen	I-Application
(	O
formerly	O
Btrieve	B-Application
,	O
later	O
named	O
Pervasive	B-Application
PSQL	I-Application
until	O
version	O
13	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
ACID-compliant	O
,	O
Zero-DBA	O
,	O
Embedded	O
,	O
Nano-footprint	O
,	O
Multi-Model	O
,	O
Multi-Platform	B-Operating_System
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
DBMS	B-General_Concept
)	O
developed	O
originally	O
by	O
Pervasive	O
Software	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Actian	O
Corporation	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
optimized	O
for	O
embedding	B-Application
in	O
applications	O
and	O
used	O
in	O
several	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
packaged	O
software	B-Application
applications	I-Application
offered	O
by	O
independent	B-Application
software	I-Application
vendors	I-Application
(	O
ISVs	B-Application
)	O
and	O
original	O
equipment	O
manufacturers	O
(	O
OEMs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
(	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
)	O
deployment	B-Application
due	O
to	O
a	O
file-based	O
architecture	B-Architecture
enabling	O
partitioning	O
of	O
data	O
for	O
multitenancy	B-Architecture
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
can	O
store	O
the	O
data	O
and	O
the	O
relationships	O
in	O
tables	B-Application
in	O
a	O
relational	B-Architecture
model	I-Architecture
(	O
RDBMS	O
)	O
or	O
store	O
the	O
data	O
in	O
a	O
schema-less	O
way	O
with	O
no	O
fixed	O
data	B-Application
model	I-Application
(	O
key-value	B-Data_Structure
store	I-Data_Structure
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zen	O
runs	O
on	O
system	O
platforms	O
that	O
include	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
32-bit	O
and	O
64-bit	B-Device
editions	O
of	O
Zen	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Editions	O
are	O
also	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
different	O
computer	B-Architecture
networking	I-Architecture
deployment	B-Application
needs	O
such	O
as	O
workgroup	B-Device
,	O
client-server	B-Operating_System
and	O
highly	O
virtualized	O
environments	O
including	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Zen	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
embedded	B-Application
databases	I-Application
,	O
and	O
sold	O
indirectly	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
well	O
known	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zen	O
is	O
embedded	O
by	O
OEMs	O
like	O
Sage	O
,	O
maestro*	O
Technologies	O
,	O
ABACUS	O
Research	O
AG	O
(	O
Switzerland	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Unikum	O
(	O
Sweden	O
)	O
in	O
packaged	O
software	B-Application
applications	I-Application
that	O
address	O
the	O
accounting	O
,	O
finance	O
,	O
retail	O
,	O
point-of-sale	O
,	O
entertainment	O
,	O
reservation	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
medical	O
and	O
pharmaceutical	O
industry	O
segments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
Zen	O
served	O
as	O
a	O
DBMS	B-General_Concept
for	O
small	O
and	O
medium	O
enterprises	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zen	O
supports	O
stand-alone	O
,	O
client-server	B-Operating_System
,	O
peer-to-peer	O
and	O
software-as-a-service	B-Architecture
(	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
)	O
architecture	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
central	O
architecture	B-Architecture
of	O
Zen	O
consists	O
of	O
two	O
database	B-General_Concept
engines	I-General_Concept
:	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
the	O
storage	B-General_Concept
engine	I-General_Concept
,	O
known	O
as	O
MicroKernel	O
Database	B-General_Concept
Engine	I-General_Concept
(	O
MKDE	O
)	O
and	O
described	O
by	O
Pervasive	O
Software	O
as	O
a	O
transactional	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
engine	I-General_Concept
and	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
the	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
engine	I-General_Concept
,	O
known	O
as	O
SQL	B-Language
Relational	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-General_Concept
(	O
SRDE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
engines	O
can	O
access	O
the	O
same	O
data	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
methods	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
differ	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MicroKernel	O
Database	B-General_Concept
Engine	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
transactional	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
engine	I-General_Concept
,	O
interacts	O
directly	O
with	O
the	O
data	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
fixed	O
data	O
schema	B-Application
to	O
access	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
key-value	B-Data_Structure
store	I-Data_Structure
to	O
store	O
and	O
access	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calls	O
to	O
the	O
MKDE	O
are	O
made	O
programmatically	O
with	O
Btrieve	B-Application
API	B-General_Concept
rather	O
than	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
query	B-Language
language	I-Language
;	O
therefore	O
,	O
Zen	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
parse	B-Language
the	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
places	O
the	O
MicroKernel	O
Database	B-General_Concept
Engine	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
category	O
of	O
NotOnlySQL	B-General_Concept
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-level	O
API	B-General_Concept
calls	O
and	O
memory	B-General_Concept
caching	I-General_Concept
of	O
data	O
reduce	O
the	O
time	O
required	O
to	O
manipulate	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MKDE	O
operates	O
in	O
complete	O
database	B-General_Concept
transactions	I-General_Concept
and	O
guarantees	O
full	O
ACID	O
(	O
Atomicity	B-General_Concept
,	O
Consistency	B-General_Concept
,	O
Isolation	B-General_Concept
,	O
Durability	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
MKDE	O
,	O
records	O
are	O
stored	O
in	O
files	B-Operating_System
which	O
are	O
roughly	O
equivalent	O
to	O
the	O
tables	B-Application
of	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MKDE	O
caches	B-General_Concept
data	O
in	O
memory	O
to	O
facilitate	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
call	O
is	O
made	O
to	O
the	O
MKDE	O
,	O
cached	O
data	O
is	O
searched	O
first	O
;	O
physical	O
storage	O
is	O
searched	O
if	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
cache	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Configuration	B-General_Concept
settings	O
for	O
caches	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
pre-configured	O
by	O
ISVs	B-Application
to	O
optimize	O
Zen	O
performance	O
for	O
their	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
database	B-General_Concept
engine	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Relational	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-General_Concept
or	O
SRDE	O
,	O
operates	O
in	O
a	O
manner	O
similar	O
to	O
other	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
engines	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
Structured	B-Language
Query	I-Language
Language	I-Language
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SRDE	O
parses	B-Language
SQL	B-Language
queries	O
and	O
sends	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
MKDE	O
to	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SRDE	O
implements	O
SQL-92	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Significant	O
other	O
features	O
include	O
relational	O
integrity	O
,	O
database	O
security	O
,	O
and	O
temporary	O
tables	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SRDE	O
extends	O
its	O
functionality	O
by	O
supporting	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
,	O
user-defined	B-Language
functions	I-Language
,	O
and	O
triggers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
its	O
support	O
for	O
SQL-92	B-Language
,	O
the	O
SRDE	O
supports	O
several	O
significant	O
features	O
of	O
COBOL	B-Application
:	O
COBOL	B-Application
data	O
types	O
and	O
COBOL	B-Application
OCCURS	O
and	O
VARIANT	O
records	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zen	O
interfaces	B-Application
fall	O
into	O
two	O
categories	O
:	O
management	O
interfaces	B-Application
and	O
data	O
manipulation	O
interfaces	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actian	O
provides	O
the	O
management	O
interfaces	B-Application
Distributed	O
Tuning	O
Interface	O
(	O
DTI	O
)	O
and	O
Distributed	O
Tuning	O
Objects	O
(	O
DTO	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
Component	B-Application
Object	I-Application
Model	I-Application
(	O
COM	O
)	O
adapter	O
pattern	O
(	O
wrapper	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
DTI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
provide	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
for	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
,	O
monitoring	O
,	O
and	O
diagnostics	O
of	O
Pervasive	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
COBOL	B-Application
can	O
also	O
provide	O
component	O
management	O
through	O
a	O
COBOL	B-Application
connector	O
that	O
can	O
talk	O
to	O
DTI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
other	O
interfaces	B-Application
exist	O
for	O
data	O
manipulation	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Btrieve	B-Application
,	O
Java	B-Library
Class	I-Library
Library	I-Library
(	O
JCL	O
)	O
,	O
COBOL	B-Application
,	O
and	O
ActiveX	B-Application
provides	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
MicroKernel	O
Database	B-General_Concept
Engine	I-General_Concept
(	O
MKDE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADO.NET	B-Device
;	O
ODBC	B-Application
v3.51	O
and	O
JDBC	B-Language
2	O
for	O
Core	O
,	O
Level	O
1	O
,	O
and	O
Level	O
2	O
;	O
and	O
OLE	B-Language
DB	I-Language
provide	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Relational	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	O
(	O
SRDE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pervasive	O
Direct	O
Access	O
Components	O
(	O
PDAC	O
)	O
are	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
Visual	B-Library
Component	I-Library
Library	I-Library
(	O
VCL	O
)	O
components	O
that	O
enable	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
both	O
MKDE	O
and	O
SRDE	O
for	O
Embarcadero	B-Language
Delphi	I-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
Builder	I-Language
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actian	O
provides	O
utility	B-Application
software	I-Application
designed	O
to	O
facilitate	O
administration	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
Zen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
graphical	O
and	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
utilities	O
in	O
Windows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zen	O
Control	O
Center	O
(	O
CC	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
main	O
utility	O
that	O
enables	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
manipulate	O
databases	B-Application
and	O
tables	B-Application
,	O
to	O
access	O
servers	B-Application
and	O
clients	B-Protocol
,	O
to	O
set	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
,	O
properties	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
edit	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
License	O
Administrator	O
utility	O
handles	O
license	B-Application
management	I-Application
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monitor	O
utility	O
checks	O
and	O
displays	O
activities	O
and	O
attributes	O
of	O
both	O
engines	O
,	O
including	O
resource	B-General_Concept
usage	O
,	O
session	B-Protocol
information	O
,	O
and	O
communication	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
Analyzer	O
utility	O
tests	O
the	O
connections	O
between	O
the	O
engines	O
and	O
within	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
and	O
displays	O
information	O
about	O
system	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maintenance	O
utility	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
edit	O
schema-less	O
files	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rebuild	O
utility	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
convert	O
file	O
formats	O
and	O
rebuild	O
files	B-Operating_System
in	O
its	O
MKDE	O
file	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DDF	O
(	O
data	B-Language
definition	I-Language
file	O
)	O
Builder	O
utility	O
enables	O
SQL	B-Language
users	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
modify	O
table	O
schemas	B-Application
for	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
MKDE	O
,	O
thus	O
providing	O
relational	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Query	B-Language
Plan	I-Language
Viewer	O
enables	O
SQL	B-Language
users	O
to	O
analyze	O
query	B-Language
plans	I-Language
for	O
optimization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Function	O
Executor	O
assists	O
developers	O
with	O
development	O
,	O
testing	O
,	O
and	O
debugging	O
by	O
simulating	O
direct	O
API	B-General_Concept
operations	O
into	O
MKDE	O
and	O
providing	O
a	O
view	O
into	O
the	O
schema-less	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
Btrieve	B-Application
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
Pervasive.SQL	O
7	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
user-count	O
licensing	O
,	O
each	O
product	B-Application
key	I-Application
specifies	O
a	O
licensed	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Capacity-based	O
licensing	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
processing	O
performed	O
by	O
the	O
database	B-General_Concept
engine	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
license	O
model	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
facilitate	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
highly	O
virtualized	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
Zen	O
Edge	O
Server	O
and	O
Zen	O
Enterprise	B-Application
Server	I-Application
use	O
a	O
user-count	O
licensing	O
model	O
,	O
while	O
Zen	O
Cloud	O
Server	O
uses	O
capacity-based	O
licensing	O
,	O
and	O
Zen	O
Core	O
is	O
royalty-free	O
for	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actian	B-Application
Zen	I-Application
lacks	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
some	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
warehousing	O
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
and	O
reporting	O
services	O
built	O
into	O
database	B-General_Concept
engines	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
MySQL	B-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
ability	O
to	O
perform	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
transactions	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
support	O
for	O
database	O
caching	B-General_Concept
unless	O
the	O
application	O
has	O
specifically	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
Client	O
Caching	B-General_Concept
Engine(very few applications take advantage of this feature )	O
,	O
the	O
inbuilt	O
feature	O
of	O
the	O
engine	O
and	O
only	O
supported	O
caching	B-General_Concept
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
applications	O
developed	O
with	O
Zen	O
unsuitable	O
on	O
any	O
system	O
where	O
network	B-Architecture
or	O
host	O
server	O
performance	O
could	O
cause	O
a	O
performance	O
bottleneck	O
.	O
</s>
