<s>
Personal	B-Application
information	I-Application
management	I-Application
(	O
PIM	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
study	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
activities	O
that	O
people	O
perform	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
acquire	O
or	O
create	O
,	O
store	O
,	O
organize	O
,	O
maintain	O
,	O
retrieve	O
,	O
and	O
use	O
informational	O
items	O
such	O
as	O
documents	O
(	O
paper-based	O
and	O
digital	O
)	O
,	O
web	O
pages	O
,	O
and	O
email	O
messages	O
for	O
everyday	O
use	O
to	O
complete	O
tasks	O
(	O
work-related	O
or	O
not	O
)	O
and	O
fulfill	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
various	O
roles	O
(	O
as	O
parent	O
,	O
employee	O
,	O
friend	O
,	O
member	O
of	O
community	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
with	O
intrapersonal	O
scope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
,	O
this	O
office	O
worker	O
might	O
organize	O
digital	O
documents	O
into	O
the	O
virtual	O
folders	O
of	O
a	O
local	O
,	O
computer-based	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
or	O
into	O
a	O
cloud-based	O
store	O
using	O
a	O
file	B-Application
hosting	I-Application
service	I-Application
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Dropbox	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
OneDrive	I-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
Drive	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PIM	O
considers	O
not	O
only	O
the	O
methods	O
used	O
to	O
store	O
and	O
organize	O
information	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
is	O
concerned	O
with	O
how	O
people	O
retrieve	B-Library
information	I-Library
from	O
their	O
collections	O
for	O
re-use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
with	O
a	O
hierarchical	B-Application
file	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
a	O
person	O
might	O
need	O
to	O
remember	O
the	O
top-level	O
folder	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
document	O
is	O
located	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
browse	O
through	O
the	O
folder	O
contents	O
to	O
navigate	O
to	O
the	O
desired	O
document	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
fielded	O
search	O
)	O
are	O
all	O
components	O
that	O
may	O
influence	O
how	O
users	O
accomplish	O
personal	B-Application
information	I-Application
management	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
personal	B-Application
information	I-Application
management	I-Application
has	O
considered	O
six	O
senses	O
in	O
which	O
information	O
can	O
be	O
personal	O
(	O
to	O
“	O
me	O
”	O
)	O
and	O
so	O
an	O
object	O
of	O
person	O
’s	O
PIM	O
activities	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Owned	O
by	O
"	O
me	O
"	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
paper	O
documents	O
in	O
a	O
home	O
office	O
,	O
emails	O
on	O
a	O
personal	O
account	O
,	O
files	O
on	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
or	O
in	O
the	O
personal	O
store	O
of	O
a	O
Web	O
cloud	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Application
filtering	I-Application
systems	I-Application
have	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
relevance	O
to	O
the	O
person	O
of	O
incoming	O
information	O
but	O
at	O
the	O
potential	O
cost	O
of	O
reinforcing	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
prejudices	O
and	O
preconceived	O
notions	O
or	O
of	O
filtering	O
out	O
information	O
that	O
the	O
person	O
should	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increasing	O
use	O
of	O
tools	O
that	O
keep	O
a	O
time-stamped	O
record	O
of	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
activities	O
and	O
bodily	O
states	O
either	O
explicitly	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Fitbit	B-Application
or	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
)	O
or	O
implicitly	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
through	O
Web	O
page	O
browsing	O
,	O
emails	O
and	O
texts	O
)	O
has	O
given	O
rise	O
to	O
notions	O
of	O
a	O
quantified	O
self	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recommender	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
which	O
learn	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
preferences	O
either	O
from	O
explicit	O
ratings	O
or	O
,	O
implicitly	O
,	O
from	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
past	O
selections	O
,	O
have	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
person	O
aware	O
of	O
information	O
the	O
person	O
might	O
not	O
otherwise	O
know	O
about	O
or	O
think	O
to	O
search	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
encyclopaedic	O
review	O
of	O
PIM	O
literature	O
suggests	O
that	O
all	O
six	O
senses	O
of	O
personal	O
information	O
listed	O
above	O
and	O
the	O
tools	O
and	O
technologies	O
used	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
such	O
information	O
(	O
from	O
email	O
applications	O
and	O
word	O
processors	O
to	O
personal	B-Application
information	I-Application
managers	I-Application
and	O
virtual	B-Protocol
assistants	I-Protocol
)	O
combine	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
personal	O
space	O
of	O
information	O
(	O
PSI	O
,	O
pronounced	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
Greek	O
letter	O
,	O
alternately	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
personal	O
information	O
space	O
)	O
that	O
is	O
unique	O
for	O
each	O
individual	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Activities	O
to	O
maintain	O
&	O
organize	O
focus	O
on	O
personal	O
information	O
collections	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
inbox	O
,	O
photo	O
collection	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
digital	O
documents	O
in	O
a	O
personal	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Included	O
are	O
efforts	O
to	O
delete	O
or	O
archive	O
information	O
that	O
is	O
out-of-date	O
or	O
no	O
longer	O
used	O
,	O
efforts	O
to	O
update	O
file	O
formats	O
,	O
and	O
efforts	O
to	O
create	O
backups	B-Protocol
of	O
information	O
to	O
secure	O
against	O
loss	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Activities	O
to	O
manage	O
privacy	O
and	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
information	O
include	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
decisions	O
concerning	O
privacy	O
settings	O
in	O
a	O
social	O
media	O
application	O
such	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
efforts	O
to	O
manage	O
email	O
subscriptions	O
and	O
efforts	O
to	O
filter	O
incoming	O
email	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
by	O
marking	O
some	O
as	O
"	O
junk	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
spam	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Or	O
what	O
is	O
the	O
overall	O
picture	O
of	O
health	O
that	O
emerges	O
from	O
all	O
the	O
data	O
kept	O
by	O
a	O
fitness	B-Device
tracker	I-Device
?	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
effort	O
to	O
keep	O
an	O
email	O
attachment	O
as	O
a	O
document	O
in	O
a	O
personal	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
may	O
prompt	O
an	O
activity	O
to	O
organize	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
e.g.	O
,	O
by	O
creating	O
a	O
new	O
folder	O
for	O
the	O
document	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
efforts	O
to	O
re-organize	O
a	O
personal	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
can	O
be	O
motivated	O
by	O
the	O
evaluation	O
that	O
the	O
current	O
file	O
organization	O
is	O
too	O
time-consuming	O
to	O
maintain	O
and	O
does	O
n't	O
properly	O
highlight	O
the	O
information	O
most	O
in	O
need	O
of	O
attention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
increasingly	O
,	O
people	O
communicate	O
using	O
digital	O
forms	O
of	O
information	O
including	O
emails	O
,	O
digital	O
documents	O
shared	O
(	O
as	O
attachments	O
or	O
via	O
a	O
file	B-Application
hosting	I-Application
service	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Dropbox	B-Application
)	O
,	O
blog	O
posts	O
and	O
social	O
media	O
updates	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
service	O
such	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
)	O
,	O
text	O
messages	O
and	O
links	O
,	O
text	O
,	O
photos	O
,	O
and	O
videos	O
shared	O
via	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Snapchat	B-Application
,	O
Reddit	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Instagram	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Files	O
,	O
emails	O
,	O
"	O
tweets	O
"	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
updates	O
,	O
blog	O
posts	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
produced	O
"	O
The	O
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
,	O
"	O
generally	O
thought	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
running	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
as	O
aid	O
to	O
the	O
individual	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
remote	O
number	O
cruncher	O
in	O
a	O
refrigerated	O
room	O
,	O
gained	O
further	O
validity	O
from	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
and	O
through	O
the	O
1980s	O
to	O
produce	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
of	O
increasing	O
power	O
and	O
portability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
trends	O
continue	O
:	O
computational	O
power	O
roughly	O
equivalent	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
desktop	B-Device
computer	I-Device
of	O
a	O
decade	O
ago	O
can	O
now	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
devices	O
that	O
fit	O
into	O
the	O
palm	O
of	O
a	O
hand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
phrase	O
"	O
Personal	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Management	I-Application
"	O
was	O
itself	O
apparently	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
in	O
the	O
midst	O
of	O
general	O
excitement	O
over	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
to	O
greatly	O
enhance	O
the	O
human	O
ability	O
to	O
process	O
and	O
manage	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1980s	O
also	O
saw	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
so-called	O
"	O
PIM	B-Application
tools	I-Application
"	O
that	O
provided	O
limited	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
such	O
things	O
as	O
appointments	O
and	O
scheduling	O
,	O
to-do	O
lists	O
,	O
phone	O
numbers	O
,	O
and	O
addresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
explored	O
the	O
practical	O
implications	O
that	O
human	O
memory	O
research	O
might	O
carry	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
personal	O
filing	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
systems	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
body	O
of	O
research	O
in	O
information	O
seeking	O
,	O
information	O
behavior	O
,	O
and	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
relates	O
and	O
especially	O
to	O
efforts	O
to	O
find	O
information	O
in	O
public	O
spaces	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Web	O
or	O
a	O
traditional	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
a	O
"	O
berry	O
picking	O
"	O
model	O
of	O
finding	O
,	O
information	O
is	O
gathered	O
in	O
bits	O
and	O
pieces	O
through	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
interactions	O
,	O
and	O
during	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
expression	O
of	O
need	O
,	O
as	O
reflected	O
in	O
the	O
current	O
query	B-Library
,	O
evolves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
may	O
favor	O
stepwise	O
approach	O
to	O
finding	O
needed	O
information	O
to	O
preserve	O
a	O
greater	O
sense	O
of	O
control	O
and	O
context	O
over	O
the	O
finding	O
process	O
and	O
smaller	O
steps	O
may	O
also	O
reduce	O
the	O
cognitive	O
burden	O
associated	O
with	O
query	B-Library
formulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Activity	B-Device
tracking	I-Device
technology	O
can	O
further	O
enrich	O
the	O
record	O
of	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
daily	O
activity	O
with	O
tremendous	O
potential	O
use	O
for	O
people	O
to	O
enrich	O
their	O
understanding	O
of	O
their	O
daily	O
lives	O
and	O
the	O
healthiness	O
of	O
their	O
diet	O
and	O
their	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Activities	O
of	O
finding	O
and	O
,	O
especially	O
,	O
keeping	O
can	O
segue	O
into	O
activities	O
to	O
maintain	O
and	O
organize	O
as	O
when	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
efforts	O
to	O
keep	O
a	O
document	O
in	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
prompt	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
folder	O
or	O
efforts	O
to	O
re-find	O
a	O
document	O
highlight	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
consolidate	O
two	O
folders	O
with	O
overlapping	O
content	O
and	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Activities	O
of	O
organization	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
creating	O
and	O
naming	O
folders	O
)	O
segue	O
into	O
activities	O
of	O
maintenance	O
such	O
as	O
consolidating	O
redundant	O
folders	O
,	O
archiving	O
information	O
no	O
longer	O
in	O
active	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
ensuring	O
that	O
information	O
is	O
properly	O
backed	B-Protocol
up	I-Protocol
and	O
otherwise	O
secured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
folder	O
hierarchy	O
can	O
sometimes	O
represent	O
an	O
informal	O
problem	O
decomposition	B-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
parent	O
folder	O
representing	O
a	O
project	O
and	O
subfolders	O
representing	O
major	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
"	O
wedding	O
reception	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
church	O
service	O
"	O
for	O
a	O
"	O
wedding	O
"	O
project	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
people	O
generally	O
struggle	O
to	O
keep	O
their	O
information	O
organized	O
and	O
often	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
reliable	O
backup	B-Protocol
routines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Planz	B-Application
prototype	O
supports	O
an	O
in-context	O
creation	O
and	O
integration	O
of	O
project-related	O
files	O
,	O
emails	O
,	O
web	O
references	O
,	O
informal	O
notes	O
and	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
information	O
into	O
a	O
simplified	O
,	O
document-like	O
interface	O
meant	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
project	O
with	O
headings	O
corresponding	O
to	O
folders	O
in	O
the	O
personal	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
and	O
subheadings	O
(	O
for	O
tasks	O
,	O
sub-projects	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
project	O
components	O
)	O
corresponding	O
to	O
subfolders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
try	O
out	O
a	O
potentially	O
useful	O
,	O
new	O
information	O
tool	O
,	O
people	O
may	O
need	O
to	O
"	O
let	O
in	O
"	O
a	O
download	O
that	O
could	O
potentially	O
make	O
unwelcome	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
or	O
the	O
desktop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
more	O
challenging	O
is	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
to	O
make	O
clear	O
the	O
implications	O
for	O
various	O
privacy	O
choices	O
particularly	O
regarding	O
Internet	O
privacy	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
what	O
are	O
the	O
personal	O
information	O
privacy	O
implications	O
of	O
clicking	O
the	O
"	O
Sign	O
Up	O
"	O
button	O
for	O
use	O
of	O
social	O
media	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
another	O
recent	O
study	O
found	O
personality	O
traits	O
were	O
not	O
correlated	O
with	O
any	O
aspects	O
of	O
personal	O
filing	O
systems	O
,	O
suggesting	O
that	O
PIM	O
practices	O
are	O
influenced	O
less	O
by	O
personality	O
than	O
by	O
external	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
the	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
used	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
consumer-facing	O
health	O
products	O
including	O
activity	B-Device
trackers	I-Device
and	O
health-related	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
,	O
people	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
access	O
new	O
types	O
of	O
personal	O
health	O
data	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
physical	O
activity	O
,	O
heart	O
rate	O
)	O
outside	O
healthcare	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
people	O
may	O
experience	O
difficulties	O
making	O
sense	O
of	O
a	O
using	O
the	O
information	O
later	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
to	O
plan	O
future	O
physical	O
activities	O
based	O
on	O
activity	B-Device
tracker	I-Device
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
are	O
also	O
frequently	O
engaged	O
in	O
other	O
meta-level	O
activities	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
maintaining	O
and	O
organizing	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
syncing	O
data	O
across	O
different	O
health-related	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
default	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
are	O
also	O
shown	O
to	O
impact	O
PIM	O
practices	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
research	O
results	O
to	O
generalize	O
,	O
or	O
else	O
to	O
be	O
properly	O
qualified	O
,	O
PIM	O
research	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
in	O
aggregate	O
,	O
should	O
include	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
people	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
diversity	O
of	O
backgrounds	O
and	O
needs	O
,	O
over	O
time	O
as	O
they	O
work	O
in	O
many	O
different	O
situations	O
,	O
with	O
different	O
forms	O
of	O
information	O
and	O
different	O
tools	O
of	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
PIM	O
research	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
in	O
initial	O
exploratory	O
phases	O
,	O
must	O
often	O
be	O
done	O
in	O
situ	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
workplace	O
or	O
office	O
or	O
at	O
least	O
where	O
people	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
their	O
laptops	O
,	O
smartphones	O
and	O
other	O
devices	O
of	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
)	O
so	O
that	O
people	O
can	O
be	O
observed	O
as	O
they	O
manage	O
information	O
that	O
is	O
"	O
personal	O
"	O
to	O
them	O
(	O
see	O
section	O
"	O
The	O
senses	O
in	O
which	O
information	O
is	O
personal	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
automated	O
gathering	O
of	O
data	O
on	O
collections	O
in	O
a	O
PSI	O
e.g.	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
personal	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
to	O
measure	O
number	O
of	O
folders	O
,	O
depth	O
,	O
and	O
average	O
number	O
of	O
files	O
per	O
folder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increasing	O
use	O
of	O
activity	B-Device
tracking	I-Device
technology	O
and	O
the	O
nearly	O
round-the-clock	O
use	O
of	O
smartphones	O
creates	O
new	O
opportunities	O
to	O
gather	O
PIM-relevant	O
data	O
with	O
minimal	O
time	O
and	O
trouble	O
(	O
but	O
,	O
of	O
course	O
,	O
with	O
participant	O
permission	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purview	O
of	O
PIM	B-Application
tool	I-Application
design	O
applies	O
to	O
virtually	O
any	O
tool	O
people	O
use	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
their	O
information	O
including	O
"	O
sticky	O
notes	O
"	O
and	O
hanging	O
folders	O
for	O
paper-based	O
information	O
to	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
computer-based	O
applications	O
for	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
digital	O
information	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
applications	O
people	O
use	O
every	O
day	O
such	O
as	O
Web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
email	O
applications	O
and	O
texting	O
applications	O
to	O
personal	B-Application
information	I-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
respect	O
to	O
methods	O
for	O
the	O
evaluation	O
of	O
alternatives	O
in	O
PIM	B-Application
tools	I-Application
design	O
,	O
PIM	O
researchers	O
again	O
face	O
an	O
"	O
in	O
situ	O
"	O
challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
"	O
let	O
it	O
lie	O
"	O
approach	O
would	O
provide	O
for	O
interfaces	B-General_Concept
between	O
the	O
tool	O
under	O
evaluation	O
and	O
a	O
participant	O
's	O
PSI	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
tool	O
can	O
work	O
with	O
a	O
participant	O
's	O
other	O
tools	O
and	O
the	O
participant	O
's	O
personal	O
information	O
(	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
working	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
environment	O
with	O
"	O
test	O
"	O
data	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dropbox	B-Application
and	O
other	O
file	B-Application
hosting	I-Application
services	I-Application
exemplify	O
this	O
approach	O
:	O
Users	O
can	O
continue	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
their	O
files	O
and	O
folders	O
locally	O
on	O
their	O
computers	O
through	O
the	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
even	O
as	O
an	O
installed	O
applet	O
works	O
to	O
seamlessly	O
synchronize	O
the	O
users	O
files	O
and	O
folders	O
with	O
a	O
Web	O
store	O
for	O
the	O
added	O
benefits	O
of	O
a	O
backup	B-Protocol
and	O
options	O
to	O
synchronize	O
this	O
information	O
with	O
other	O
devices	O
and	O
share	O
this	O
information	O
with	O
other	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
smartphone	B-Application
app	I-Application
that	O
promises	O
to	O
deliver	O
information	O
potentially	O
"	O
relevant	O
to	O
me	O
"	O
(	O
the	O
"	O
6th	O
sense	O
"	O
in	O
which	O
information	O
is	O
personal	O
)	O
may	O
do	O
so	O
only	O
at	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
a	O
distracting	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
information	O
"	O
directed	O
to	O
me	O
"	O
and	O
by	O
keeping	O
too	O
much	O
personal	O
information	O
"	O
about	O
me	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
place	O
not	O
under	O
the	O
person	O
's	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PIM	O
is	O
a	O
practical	O
meeting	O
ground	O
for	O
many	O
disciplines	O
including	O
cognitive	O
psychology	O
,	O
cognitive	O
science	O
,	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
(	O
HCI	O
)	O
,	O
human	O
information	O
interaction	O
(	O
HII	O
)	O
,	O
library	O
and	O
information	O
science	O
(	O
LIS	O
)	O
,	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
,	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
,	O
information	O
behavior	O
,	O
organizational	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
,	O
and	O
information	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Cognitive	O
science	O
,	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
has	O
significant	O
overlap	O
with	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
folders	O
created	O
to	O
hold	O
information	O
for	O
a	O
big	O
project	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
plan	O
my	O
wedding	O
"	O
may	O
sometimes	O
resemble	O
a	O
problem-decomposition	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Now	O
large	O
portions	O
of	O
a	O
document	O
may	O
be	O
the	O
product	O
of	O
"	B-General_Concept
copy-and-paste	I-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
operations	I-General_Concept
(	O
from	O
our	O
previous	O
writings	O
)	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
product	O
of	O
original	O
writing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Group	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
(	O
GIM	O
,	O
usually	O
pronounced	O
with	O
a	O
soft	O
"	O
G	O
"	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
written	O
about	O
elsewhere	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
PIM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
of	O
GIM	O
,	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
has	O
clear	O
relevance	O
to	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
(	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GIM	O
is	O
to	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
as	O
PIM	O
is	O
to	O
HCI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Just	O
as	O
concerns	O
of	O
PIM	O
substantially	O
overlap	O
with	O
but	O
are	O
not	O
fully	O
subsumed	O
by	O
concerns	O
of	O
HCI	O
(	O
nor	O
vice	O
versa	O
)	O
,	O
concerns	O
of	O
GIM	O
overlap	O
with	O
but	O
are	O
not	O
subsumed	O
by	O
concerns	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
of	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
and	O
knowledge	O
management	O
in	O
organizations	O
also	O
relates	O
to	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
PIM	O
and	O
issues	O
seen	O
first	O
at	O
an	O
organizational	O
level	O
often	O
migrate	O
to	O
the	O
PIM	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concerns	O
of	O
knowledge	O
management	O
on	O
a	O
personal	O
(	O
vs	O
.	O
organizational	O
)	O
level	O
have	O
given	O
rise	O
to	O
arguments	O
for	O
a	O
field	O
of	O
personal	B-Application
knowledge	I-Application
management	I-Application
(	O
PKM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
time	B-Application
management	I-Application
and	O
task	O
management	O
on	O
a	O
personal	O
level	O
make	O
heavy	O
use	O
of	O
information	O
tools	O
and	O
external	O
forms	O
of	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
to-do	O
lists	O
,	O
calendars	O
,	O
timelines	O
,	O
and	O
email	O
exchange	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
personal	B-Application
information	I-Application
management	I-Application
burden	O
"	O
can	O
be	O
experienced	O
by	O
marginalised	O
groups	O
,	O
who	O
experience	O
disproportionate	O
PIM	O
activities	O
forced	O
upon	O
them	O
by	O
government	O
regulations	O
.	O
</s>
