<s>
Ubuntu	O
(	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
based	O
on	O
Debian	O
and	O
composed	O
mostly	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
is	O
officially	O
released	O
in	O
three	O
editions	O
:	O
Desktop	B-Device
,	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Core	O
for	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
devices	O
and	O
robots	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
editions	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
alone	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
is	O
a	O
popular	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
OpenStack	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
's	O
default	B-General_Concept
desktop	B-Device
changed	O
back	O
from	O
the	O
in-house	O
Unity	B-Device
to	O
GNOME	B-Application
after	O
nearly	O
6.5	O
years	O
in	O
2017	O
upon	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
version	O
17.10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
British	O
company	O
Canonical	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
community	O
of	O
other	O
developers	B-Application
,	O
under	O
a	O
meritocratic	O
governance	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canonical	O
generates	O
revenue	O
through	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
premium	O
services	O
related	O
to	O
Ubuntu	O
and	O
donations	O
from	O
those	O
who	O
download	O
the	O
Ubuntu	B-Language
software	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
Debian	O
's	O
architecture	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
and	O
comprises	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
server	B-Application
,	O
desktop	B-Device
and	O
discontinued	O
phone	O
and	O
tablet	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long-term	O
support	O
includes	O
updates	O
for	O
new	O
hardware	O
,	O
security	O
patches	O
and	O
updates	O
to	O
the	O
'	O
Ubuntu	O
stack	O
 '	O
(	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
infrastructure	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
LTS	O
releases	O
were	O
supported	O
for	O
three	O
years	O
on	O
the	O
desktop	B-Device
and	O
five	O
years	O
on	O
the	O
server	B-Application
;	O
since	O
Ubuntu	O
12.04	O
LTS	O
,	O
desktop	B-Device
support	O
for	O
LTS	O
releases	O
was	O
increased	O
to	O
five	O
years	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
distributions	O
use	O
Debian	O
's	O
deb	O
package	B-Application
format	O
and	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
tools	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
APT	B-Application
and	O
Ubuntu	B-Language
Software	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
and	O
Ubuntu	O
packages	O
are	O
not	O
necessarily	O
binary	B-General_Concept
compatible	I-General_Concept
with	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
so	O
packages	O
may	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
rebuilt	O
from	O
source	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
Ubuntu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Ubuntu	O
developers	B-Application
are	O
also	O
maintainers	O
of	O
key	O
packages	O
within	O
Debian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
12	O
March	O
2009	O
,	O
Ubuntu	O
announced	O
developer	B-Application
support	O
for	O
third-party	O
cloud	B-Architecture
management	O
platforms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
used	O
at	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
EC2	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
32-bit	O
x86	B-Operating_System
processors	O
were	O
supported	O
up	O
to	O
Ubuntu	O
18.04	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
decided	O
to	O
support	O
"	O
legacy	B-Device
software	I-Device
"	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
default	B-General_Concept
installation	O
of	O
Ubuntu	O
contains	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
software	O
that	O
includes	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
,	O
Firefox	B-Application
,	O
Thunderbird	B-Application
,	O
Transmission	B-Language
,	O
and	O
several	O
lightweight	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Sudoku	O
and	O
Mines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
additional	O
software	B-Application
packages	I-Application
are	O
accessible	O
from	O
the	O
built	O
in	O
Ubuntu	B-Language
Software	I-Language
(	O
previously	O
Ubuntu	B-Language
Software	I-Language
Center	I-Language
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
any	O
other	O
APT-based	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
additional	O
software	B-Application
packages	I-Application
that	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
installed	O
by	O
default	B-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
Evolution	B-Language
,	O
GIMP	B-Application
,	O
Pidgin	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
Synaptic	B-Language
,	O
are	O
still	O
accessible	O
in	O
the	O
repositories	O
and	O
installable	O
by	O
the	O
main	O
tool	O
or	O
by	O
any	O
other	O
APT-based	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cross-distribution	O
snap	B-Application
packages	I-Application
and	O
flatpaks	B-Language
are	O
also	O
available	O
,	O
that	O
both	O
allow	O
installing	O
software	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
some	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
software	O
,	O
in	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
such	O
as	O
any	O
currently	O
supported	O
Ubuntu	O
version	O
and	O
in	O
Fedora	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
default	B-General_Concept
file	O
manager	O
is	O
GNOME	B-Language
Files	I-Language
,	O
formerly	O
called	O
Nautilus	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
software	O
installed	O
by	O
default	B-General_Concept
is	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
Ubuntu	O
redistributes	O
some	O
hardware	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
that	O
are	O
available	O
only	O
in	O
binary	O
format	O
,	O
but	O
such	O
packages	O
are	O
clearly	O
marked	O
in	O
the	O
restricted	O
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
aims	O
to	O
be	O
secure	O
by	O
default	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	O
programs	O
run	O
with	O
low	O
privileges	O
and	O
cannot	O
corrupt	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
or	O
other	O
users	O
 '	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
increased	O
security	O
,	O
the	O
sudo	B-Device
tool	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
assign	O
temporary	O
privileges	O
for	O
performing	O
administrative	O
tasks	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
root	B-Application
account	I-Application
to	O
remain	O
locked	O
and	O
helps	O
prevent	O
inexperienced	O
users	O
from	O
inadvertently	O
making	O
catastrophic	O
system	O
changes	O
or	O
opening	O
security	O
holes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polkit	B-Language
is	O
also	O
being	O
widely	O
implemented	O
into	O
the	O
desktop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
network	O
ports	O
are	O
closed	O
by	O
default	B-General_Concept
to	O
prevent	O
hacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
built-in	O
firewall	B-Application
allows	O
end-users	O
who	O
install	O
network	B-Application
servers	I-Application
to	O
control	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
GUI	B-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Language
for	I-Language
Uncomplicated	I-Language
Firewall	I-Language
)	O
is	O
available	O
to	O
configure	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
compiles	O
its	O
packages	O
using	O
GCC	B-Application
features	O
such	O
as	O
PIE	B-Operating_System
and	O
buffer	B-Error_Name
overflow	I-Error_Name
protection	I-Error_Name
to	O
harden	O
its	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
extra	O
features	O
greatly	O
increase	O
security	O
at	O
the	O
performance	O
expense	O
of	O
0.01	O
%	O
in	O
64-bit	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
Ubuntu	O
desktop	B-Device
release	O
22.04	O
LTS	O
,	O
a	O
PC	O
with	O
at	O
least	O
2GHz	O
dual-core	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
,	O
4GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
25GB	O
of	O
free	O
disk	O
space	O
is	O
recommended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
less	O
powerful	O
computers	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
other	O
Ubuntu	O
distributions	O
such	O
as	O
Lubuntu	B-Application
and	O
Xubuntu	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
also	O
supports	O
the	O
ARM	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
on	O
Power	B-Architecture
ISA	I-Architecture
,	O
while	O
older	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
was	O
at	O
one	O
point	O
unofficially	O
supported	O
,	O
and	O
now	O
newer	O
Power	B-Architecture
ISA	I-Architecture
CPUs	O
(	O
POWER8	B-Device
)	O
are	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
x86-64	B-Device
(	O
"	O
AMD64	B-Device
"	O
)	O
architecture	O
is	O
also	O
officially	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
as	O
a	O
disk	B-Application
image	I-Application
(	O
.iso	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
subsequently	O
burnt	O
to	O
a	O
DVD	O
or	O
USB	O
flash	O
drive	O
and	O
then	O
booted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
methods	O
include	O
running	O
the	O
live	O
version	O
via	O
UNetbootin	B-Language
,	O
or	O
Startup	B-Application
Disk	I-Application
Creator	I-Application
(	O
a	O
pre-installed	O
tool	O
on	O
Ubuntu	O
,	O
available	O
on	O
machines	O
already	O
running	O
the	O
OS	O
)	O
directly	O
from	O
a	O
USB	O
drive	O
(	O
making	O
,	O
respectively	O
,	O
a	O
live	O
DVD	O
or	O
live	O
USB	O
medium	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Running	O
Ubuntu	O
in	O
this	O
way	O
is	O
slower	O
than	O
running	O
it	O
from	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
alter	O
the	O
computer	O
unless	O
specifically	O
instructed	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
user	O
chooses	O
to	O
boot	O
the	O
live	O
image	O
rather	O
than	O
execute	O
an	O
installer	O
at	O
boot	O
time	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
still	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
then	O
use	O
an	O
installer	O
called	O
Ubiquity	B-Language
to	O
install	O
Ubuntu	O
once	O
booted	O
into	O
the	O
live	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disk	B-Application
images	I-Application
of	O
all	O
current	O
and	O
past	O
versions	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
download	O
at	O
the	O
Ubuntu	O
web	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
USB	O
flash	O
drive	O
installations	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
boot	O
Ubuntu	O
and	O
Kubuntu	B-Application
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
allows	O
permanent	O
saving	O
of	O
user	O
settings	O
and	O
portability	O
of	O
the	O
USB-installed	O
system	O
between	O
physical	O
machines	O
(	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
computers	O
 '	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
must	O
support	O
booting	O
from	O
USB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
newer	O
versions	O
of	O
Ubuntu	O
,	O
the	O
Ubuntu	B-Application
Live	I-Application
USB	I-Application
creator	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
install	O
Ubuntu	O
on	O
a	O
USB	O
drive	O
(	O
with	O
or	O
without	O
a	O
live	O
CD	O
or	O
DVD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Creating	O
a	O
bootable	O
USB	O
drive	O
with	O
persistence	B-Application
is	O
as	O
simple	O
as	O
dragging	O
a	O
slider	O
to	O
determine	O
how	O
much	O
space	O
to	O
reserve	O
for	O
persistence	B-Application
;	O
for	O
this	O
,	O
Ubuntu	O
employs	O
casper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	B-Application
software	I-Application
includes	O
software	O
that	O
has	O
met	O
the	O
Ubuntu	O
licensing	O
requirements	O
,	O
which	O
roughly	O
correspond	O
to	O
the	O
Debian	B-License
Free	I-License
Software	I-License
Guidelines	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Exceptions	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
include	O
firmware	B-Application
,	O
in	O
the	O
Main	O
category	O
,	O
because	O
although	O
some	O
firmware	B-Application
is	O
not	O
allowed	O
to	O
be	O
modified	O
,	O
its	O
distribution	O
is	O
still	O
permitted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-free	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
usually	O
unsupported	O
(	O
Multiverse	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
some	O
exceptions	O
(	O
Restricted	O
)	O
are	O
made	O
for	O
important	O
non-free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supported	O
non-free	B-Application
software	I-Application
includes	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
run	O
Ubuntu	O
on	O
some	O
current	O
hardware	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
binary-only	O
graphics	B-Device
card	I-Device
drivers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
level	O
of	O
support	O
in	O
the	O
Restricted	O
category	O
is	O
more	O
limited	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
Main	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
developers	B-Application
may	O
not	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
intended	O
that	O
Main	O
and	O
Restricted	O
should	O
contain	O
all	O
software	O
needed	O
for	O
a	O
complete	O
desktop	B-Device
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
updates	O
must	O
go	O
through	O
this	O
process	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
patch	O
does	O
truly	O
fix	O
the	O
bug	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
risk	O
of	O
regression	B-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canonical	O
's	O
partner	O
repository	O
lets	O
vendors	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
deliver	O
their	O
products	O
to	O
Ubuntu	O
users	O
at	O
no	O
cost	O
through	O
the	O
same	O
familiar	O
tools	O
for	O
installing	O
and	O
upgrading	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
partner	O
repository	O
is	O
disabled	O
by	O
default	B-General_Concept
and	O
can	O
be	O
enabled	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
popular	O
products	O
distributed	O
via	O
the	O
partner	O
repository	O
are	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
,	O
Adobe	B-Application
Reader	I-Application
and	O
Skype	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
Wine	B-Application
compatibility	I-Application
layer	I-Application
can	O
be	O
installed	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
run	O
Windows	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Personal	B-Application
Package	I-Application
Archive	I-Application
(	O
PPA	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
repository	I-Application
for	O
uploading	O
source	O
packages	O
to	O
be	O
built	O
and	O
published	O
as	O
an	O
Advanced	B-Application
Packaging	I-Application
Tool	I-Application
(	O
APT	B-Application
)	O
repository	O
by	O
Launchpad	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
term	O
is	O
used	O
exclusively	O
within	O
Ubuntu	O
,	O
Launchpad	B-Protocol
's	O
host	O
,	O
Canonical	O
,	O
envisions	O
adoption	O
beyond	O
the	O
Ubuntu	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
package	B-Application
ubuntu-restricted-extras	B-Operating_System
additionally	O
contains	O
software	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
legally	O
restricted	O
,	O
including	O
support	O
for	O
MP3	B-Application
and	O
DVD	O
playback	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
TrueType	O
core	O
fonts	O
,	O
Sun	O
's	O
Java	B-Language
runtime	I-Language
environment	I-Language
,	O
Adobe	O
's	O
Flash	B-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
plugin	O
,	O
many	O
common	O
audio/video	O
codecs	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
unrar	O
,	O
an	O
unarchiver	O
for	O
files	O
compressed	O
in	O
the	O
RAR	O
file	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
third-party	O
application	O
suites	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
download	O
via	O
Ubuntu	B-Language
Software	I-Language
and	O
the	O
Snap	B-Application
store	I-Application
,	O
including	O
many	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Braid	B-Application
,	O
Minecraft	B-Application
and	O
Oil	B-Device
Rush	I-Device
,	O
software	O
for	O
DVD	O
playback	O
and	O
media	B-General_Concept
codecs	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Releases	O
are	O
timed	O
to	O
be	O
approximately	O
one	O
month	O
after	O
GNOME	B-Application
releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
departed	O
from	O
the	O
traditional	O
schedule	O
of	O
releasing	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
October	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
get	O
"	O
the	O
perfect	O
10	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
makes	O
a	O
playful	O
reference	O
to	O
The	B-Application
Hitchhiker	I-Application
's	I-Application
Guide	I-Application
to	I-Application
the	I-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
books	O
,	O
since	O
,	O
in	O
binary	O
,	O
101010	O
equals	O
decimal	O
42	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
Answer	O
to	O
the	O
Ultimate	O
Question	O
of	O
Life	O
,	O
the	O
Universe	O
and	O
Everything	O
"	O
within	O
the	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
Desktop	B-Device
(	O
formally	O
named	O
as	O
Ubuntu	O
Desktop	B-Device
Edition	O
,	O
and	O
simply	O
called	O
Ubuntu	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
variant	O
officially	O
recommended	O
for	O
most	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
desktop	B-Device
and	O
laptop	O
PCs	B-Device
and	O
officially	O
supported	O
by	O
Canonical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
variants	O
are	O
distinguished	O
simply	O
by	O
each	O
featuring	O
a	O
different	O
desktop	B-Device
environment	O
,	O
or	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
Ubuntu	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
no	O
desktop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
LXQt	B-Language
and	O
Xfce	B-Language
are	O
often	O
recommended	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
older	O
PCs	B-Device
that	O
may	O
have	O
less	O
memory	O
and	O
processing	O
power	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Ubuntu	O
editions	O
and	O
flavours	O
simply	O
install	O
a	O
different	O
set	O
of	O
default	B-General_Concept
packages	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
standard	O
Ubuntu	O
Desktop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
they	O
share	O
the	O
same	O
package	B-Application
repositories	I-Application
,	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
software	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
each	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
Core	O
is	O
the	O
sole	O
exception	O
as	O
it	O
only	O
has	O
access	O
to	O
packages	O
in	O
the	O
Snap	B-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
preschool	O
,	O
primary	O
,	O
secondary	O
and	O
tertiary	O
educations	O
through	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
different	O
packages.48x48pxKubuntuAn	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
using	O
the	O
KDE	B-Application
interface	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
GNOME	B-Application
and	O
Unity	B-Device
interfaces	I-Device
used	O
by	O
Ubuntu	O
Desktop.48x48pxLubuntuLubuntu	O
is	O
an	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
that	O
is	O
"	O
lighter	O
,	O
less	O
resource	O
hungry	O
and	O
more	O
energy-efficient	O
"	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
LXQt	B-Language
desktop	B-Device
environment	O
(	O
used	O
LXDE	B-Language
before	O
18.10	O
)	O
.Ubuntu	O
CoreAn	O
Ubuntu	O
edition	O
focussed	O
on	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
and	O
embedded	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
no	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
and	O
only	O
allows	O
access	O
over	O
SSH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
other	O
variants	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
use	O
the	O
traditional	O
apt	B-Application
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
but	O
relies	O
entirely	O
on	O
Snap	B-Application
packages	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
configured	O
via	O
model	O
assertions	O
which	O
are	O
text	O
documents	O
defining	O
which	O
Snap	B-Application
packages	I-Application
and	O
configurations	O
apply	O
to	O
the	O
OS	O
image.48x48pxUbuntu	O
BudgieAn	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
using	O
Budgie.48x48px	O
|	O
Cinnamon-logoUbuntu	O
CinnamonAn	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
using	O
Linux	B-Application
Mint	I-Application
's	I-Application
Cinnamon	B-Language
desktop	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Formerly	O
known	O
as	O
Ubuntu	O
Cinnamon	B-Language
Remix.48x48pxUbuntu	O
KylinAn	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
Chinese	O
market.48x48pxUbuntu	O
MATEAn	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
using	O
MATE	B-Language
,	O
a	O
desktop	B-Device
environment	O
forked	O
from	O
the	O
now-defunct	O
GNOME	B-Application
2	O
code	O
base	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
emphasis	O
on	O
the	O
desktop	B-Device
metaphor.48x48pxUbuntu	O
ServerUbuntu	O
has	O
a	O
server	B-Application
edition	O
that	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
APT	B-Application
repositories	O
as	O
the	O
Ubuntu	O
Desktop	B-Device
Edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
differences	O
between	O
them	O
are	O
the	O
absence	O
of	O
an	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
environment	I-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
default	B-General_Concept
installation	O
of	O
the	O
server	B-Application
edition	O
(	O
although	O
one	O
can	O
easily	O
be	O
installed	O
,	O
including	O
Unity	B-Device
,	O
GNOME	B-Application
,	O
KDE	B-Application
or	O
Xfce	B-Language
)	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
alterations	O
to	O
the	O
installation	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
server	B-Application
edition	O
uses	O
a	O
screen-mode	O
,	O
character-based	B-Application
interface	I-Application
for	O
the	O
installation	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
graphical	O
installation	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
server	B-Application
edition	O
(	O
like	O
the	O
desktop	B-Device
version	O
)	O
supports	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
virtualization	I-General_Concept
and	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
,	O
either	O
inside	O
a	O
host	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
or	O
in	O
a	O
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
VMware	B-Operating_System
ESXi	I-Operating_System
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
,	O
Citrix	B-Application
XenServer	B-Operating_System
,	O
Microsoft	O
Hyper-V	O
,	O
QEMU	B-Application
,	O
a	O
Kernel-based	B-Application
Virtual	I-Application
Machine	I-Application
,	O
or	O
any	O
other	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
PC	O
compatible	O
emulator	O
or	O
virtualizer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppArmor	O
security	O
module	O
for	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
used	O
by	O
default	B-General_Concept
on	O
key	O
software	B-Application
packages	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
firewall	B-Application
is	O
extended	O
to	O
common	O
services	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Runs	O
on	O
all	O
major	O
(	O
64-bit	B-Device
)	O
architectures	O
x86-64	B-Device
,	O
ARM	O
v7	O
,	O
ARM64	B-Architecture
,	O
POWER8	B-Device
and	O
later	O
,	O
IBM	B-Device
System	I-Device
z	I-Device
mainframes	O
via	O
LinuxONE	B-Application
,	O
and	O
has	O
initial	O
support	O
for	O
RISC-V	B-Device
.	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
is	O
no	O
longer	O
commercially	O
supported	O
nor	O
are	O
Ubuntu	O
(	O
Server	B-Application
)	O
versions	O
for	O
32-bit	O
x86	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supports	O
ZFS	B-Application
,	O
a	O
file	O
system	O
with	O
snapshot	O
capabilities	O
,	O
since	O
Ubuntu	O
16.04	O
LTS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Has	O
LXD	O
,	O
a	O
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
to	O
manage	O
LXC	B-Application
Linux	I-Application
containers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Includes	O
the	O
first	O
production	O
release	O
of	O
DPDK	B-Application
for	O
line-speed	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
networking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uses	O
the	O
latest	O
long-term	O
release	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
and	O
systemd	B-Application
service	O
manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Is	O
certified	O
as	O
a	O
guest	O
on	O
AWS	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
,	O
Joyent	B-General_Concept
,	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
and	O
HP	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
versions	O
of	O
key	O
server	B-Application
software	I-Application
pre-installed	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
Tomcat	O
,	O
PostgreSQL	O
(	O
v12.2	O
)	O
,	O
Docker	O
,	O
Puppet	O
,	O
Python	O
(	O
v3.9	O
)	O
,	O
PHP	O
(	O
v8.0	O
)	O
,	O
NGINX	O
(	O
v1.17	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
MySQL	O
(	O
v8.0	O
)	O
.48x48pxUbuntu	O
StudioBased	O
on	O
Ubuntu	O
,	O
providing	O
open-source	B-Application
applications	I-Application
for	O
multimedia	O
creation	O
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
audio	O
,	O
video	O
and	O
graphic	O
editors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
release	O
uses	O
the	O
KDE	B-Language
Plasma	I-Language
5	I-Language
desktop	B-Device
environment	O
,	O
previously	O
used	O
Xfce48x48px|Ubuntu	O
Unity	O
LogoUbuntu	O
UnityAn	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
using	O
Unity	O
7.48x48pxXubuntuAn	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
using	O
Xfce	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Xubuntu	B-Application
is	O
intended	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
less-powerful	O
computers	O
or	O
those	O
who	O
seek	O
a	O
highly	O
efficient	O
desktop	B-Device
environment	O
on	O
faster	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
mostly	O
GTK	B-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
had	O
some	O
official	O
distributions	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
discontinued	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Edubuntu	B-Application
;	O
including	O
some	O
previously	O
supported	O
by	O
Canonical	O
,	O
like	O
Ubuntu	B-Protocol
Touch	I-Protocol
,	O
that	O
is	O
now	O
maintained	O
by	O
volunteers	O
(	O
UBports	B-Protocol
Community	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DistributionDescriptionalt	O
=D	O
eepin-logo	O
|48x48px|Deepin	O
logoUbuntuDDEAn	O
unofficial	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
using	O
Deepin	O
Desktop	B-Device
Environment.Ubuntu	O
WebAn	O
unofficial	O
Ubuntu	O
flavour	O
using	O
GNOME	B-Application
Desktop	I-Application
Environment	I-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
focus	O
on	O
web	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
offers	O
Ubuntu	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Images	O
which	O
are	O
pre-installed	O
disk	B-Application
images	I-Application
that	O
have	O
been	O
customized	O
by	O
Ubuntu	O
engineering	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
cloud-platforms	O
such	O
as	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
EC2	I-General_Concept
,	O
OpenStack	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
and	O
LXC	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
is	O
also	O
prevalent	O
on	O
VPS	B-General_Concept
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
DigitalOcean	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
has	O
support	O
for	O
OpenStack	B-Application
,	O
with	O
Eucalyptus	O
to	O
OpenStack	B-Application
migration	O
tools	O
added	O
by	O
Canonical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
11.10	O
added	O
focus	O
on	O
OpenStack	B-Application
as	O
the	O
Ubuntu	O
's	O
preferred	O
IaaS	B-General_Concept
offering	O
though	O
Eucalyptus	O
is	O
also	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
major	O
focus	O
is	O
Canonical	B-Language
Juju	I-Language
for	O
provisioning	O
,	O
deploying	O
,	O
hosting	O
,	O
managing	O
,	O
and	O
orchestrating	O
enterprise	O
data	O
center	O
infrastructure	O
services	O
,	O
by	O
,	O
with	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
the	O
Ubuntu	O
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Canonical	O
's	O
Ubuntu	O
Insights	O
page	O
stated	O
"	O
Ubuntu	O
now	O
has	O
over	O
40	O
million	O
desktop	B-Device
users	O
and	O
counting	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
is	O
by	O
far	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
for	O
running	O
web	B-Application
servers	I-Application
;	O
of	O
the	O
websites	O
they	O
analyze	O
it	O
's	O
"	O
used	O
by	O
47.3	O
%	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
websites	O
who	O
use	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
and	O
Ubuntu	O
alone	O
powers	O
more	O
websites	O
than	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
which	O
powers	O
28.2	O
%	O
of	O
all	O
websites	O
,	O
or	O
39%	O
of	O
the	O
share	O
Unix	O
has	O
(	O
which	O
includes	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
thus	O
Ubuntu	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Linux/Unix	O
distributions	O
in	O
total	O
power	O
well	O
over	O
twice	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
hosts	O
as	O
Windows	O
for	O
websites	O
based	O
on	O
W3Techs	O
numbers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
and	O
Debian	O
only	O
(	O
which	O
Ubuntu	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
and	O
thus	O
administered	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
)	O
make	O
up	O
65%	O
of	O
all	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
for	O
web	O
serving	O
use	O
;	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
Ubuntu	O
surpassed	O
Debian	O
(	O
for	O
such	O
server	B-Application
use	O
)	O
in	O
May	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
among	O
the	O
top	O
1000	O
sites	O
and	O
gains	O
around	O
500	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
10	O
million	O
websites	O
per	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
data	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
user	B-Protocol
agent	I-Protocol
)	O
for	O
September	O
2013	O
shows	O
that	O
Ubuntu	O
generated	O
the	O
most	O
page	O
requests	O
to	O
Wikimedia	O
sites	O
,	O
including	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
among	O
recognizable	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Ubuntu	O
20.04.1	O
LTS	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
on	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
,	O
currently	O
the	O
fifth	O
fastest	O
one	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
after	O
an	O
upgrade	O
from	O
7th	O
place	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
entered	O
the	O
list	O
in	O
June	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
Nvidia	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
tops	O
the	O
Green500	B-Application
list	O
(	O
and	O
it	O
and	O
the	O
next	O
one	O
are	O
also	O
Ubuntu-based	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
list	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
reordering	O
of	O
former	O
list	O
,	O
ordered	O
by	O
power-efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
,	O
that	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
is	O
ranked	O
172nd	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
French	O
police	O
,	O
having	O
already	O
started	O
using	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
2005	O
by	O
replacing	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
with	O
OpenOffice.org,	O
decided	O
to	O
transition	O
to	O
Ubuntu	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Munich	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
started	O
the	O
LiMux	O
project	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
forked	O
Kubuntu	B-Application
10.04	O
LTS	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
the	O
city	O
's	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
originally	O
planning	O
to	O
migrate	O
12,000	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
to	O
LiMux	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
December	O
2013	O
that	O
the	O
project	O
had	O
completed	O
successfully	O
with	O
the	O
migration	O
of	O
14,800	O
out	O
of	O
15,500	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
but	O
still	O
keeping	O
about	O
5000	O
Windows	O
clients	O
for	O
unported	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Governing	O
Mayor	O
Dieter	O
Reiter	O
cited	O
lack	O
of	O
compatibility	O
with	O
systems	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
administrative	O
sector	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
requiring	O
a	O
governmental	O
mail	B-Protocol
server	I-Protocol
to	O
send	O
e-mails	O
to	O
his	O
personal	O
smartphone	B-Application
,	O
as	O
reasons	O
for	O
the	O
return	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
been	O
criticised	O
for	O
evaluating	O
administrative	O
IT	O
based	O
on	O
private	O
and	O
business	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
recently-elected	O
Alliance	O
90/The	O
Greens	O
party	O
and	O
the	O
Social	O
Democrat	O
party	O
negotiated	O
a	O
new	O
coalition	O
agreement	O
,	O
stating	O
:	O
"	O
Where	O
it	O
is	O
technologically	O
and	O
financially	O
possible	O
,	O
the	O
city	O
will	O
put	O
emphasis	O
on	O
open	O
standards	O
and	O
free	O
open-source	B-Application
licensed	O
software	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
government	O
of	O
Iceland	O
launched	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
get	O
all	O
public	O
institutions	O
using	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
government	O
cited	O
cost	O
savings	O
as	O
a	O
big	O
factor	O
for	O
the	O
decision	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
stated	O
that	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
avoids	O
vendor	O
lock-in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
12-month	O
project	O
was	O
launched	O
to	O
migrate	O
the	O
biggest	O
public	O
institutions	O
in	O
Iceland	O
to	O
using	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
and	O
help	O
ease	O
the	O
migration	O
for	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Turin	O
,	O
Italy	O
,	O
announced	O
its	O
migration	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
to	O
Ubuntu	O
for	O
the	O
8,300	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
used	O
by	O
the	O
municipality	O
,	O
becoming	O
the	O
first	O
city	O
in	O
Italy	O
to	O
adopt	O
Ubuntu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
,	O
the	O
non-profit	O
organization	O
behind	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
switched	O
from	O
multiple	O
different	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
to	O
Ubuntu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
was	O
awarded	O
the	O
Reader	O
Award	O
for	O
best	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
at	O
the	O
2005	O
LinuxWorld	O
Conference	O
and	O
Expo	O
in	O
London	O
,	O
received	O
favorable	O
reviews	O
in	O
online	O
and	O
print	O
publications	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
won	O
InfoWorld	O
's	O
2007	O
Bossie	O
Award	O
for	O
Best	O
Open	O
Source	O
Client	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2008	O
,	O
PC	O
World	O
named	O
Ubuntu	O
the	O
"	O
best	O
all-around	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
available	O
today	O
"	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
criticized	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
an	O
integrated	O
desktop	B-Device
effects	O
manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chris	O
DiBona	O
,	O
the	O
program	O
manager	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
at	O
Google	O
,	O
said	O
"	O
I	O
think	O
Ubuntu	O
has	O
captured	O
people	O
's	O
imaginations	O
around	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	B-Device
,	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
If	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
hope	O
for	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	B-Device
,	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
them	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
almost	O
half	O
of	O
Google	O
's	O
20,000	O
employees	O
used	O
Goobuntu	B-Application
,	O
a	O
slightly	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
Ubuntu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
ZDNet	O
reported	O
that	O
Ubuntu	O
was	O
still	O
Google	O
's	O
desktop	B-Device
of	O
choice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2016	O
,	O
Matt	O
Hartley	O
picked	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
best	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
for	O
Datamation	O
;	O
he	O
chose	O
Ubuntu	O
as	O
number	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Jamie	O
Hyneman	O
,	O
co-host	O
of	O
the	O
American	O
television	O
series	O
MythBusters	O
,	O
advocated	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
(	O
giving	O
the	O
example	O
of	O
Ubuntu	O
)	O
as	O
a	O
solution	O
to	O
software	O
bloat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
's	O
authority	O
for	O
computer	O
security	O
,	O
CESG	O
,	O
reported	O
that	O
Ubuntu	O
12.04	O
LTS	O
was	O
"	O
the	O
only	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
passes	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
9	O
out	O
of	O
12	O
requirements	O
without	O
any	O
significant	O
risks	O
"	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
was	O
unclear	O
if	O
any	O
other	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
were	O
tested	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Steam	B-Application
's	I-Application
Linux	B-Operating_System
client	O
depends	O
on	O
these	O
32-bit	O
libraries	O
,	O
Valve	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
no	O
longer	O
be	O
supporting	O
Ubuntu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
uproar	O
from	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
gaming	O
community	O
,	O
Canonical	O
backtracked	O
on	O
this	O
decision	O
and	O
decided	O
to	O
support	O
select	O
32-bit	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wine	B-Application
needs	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
32-bit	O
library	O
packages	O
that	O
the	O
Steam	O
package	B-Application
depends	O
on	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
,	O
to	O
enable	O
its	O
version	O
of	O
WoW64	B-Application
to	O
run	O
32-bit	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
parts	O
of	O
Wine	B-Application
that	O
would	O
continue	O
to	O
function	O
without	O
32-bit	O
libraries	O
would	O
be	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
subset	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
that	O
have	O
a	O
64-bit	B-Device
version	O
,	O
removing	O
decades	O
of	O
Windows	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Canonical	O
's	O
statement	O
on	O
bringing	O
back	O
the	O
libraries	O
,	O
they	O
mentioned	O
using	O
"	O
container	B-Application
technology	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
to	O
make	O
sure	O
that	O
Wine	B-Application
continues	O
to	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
after	O
being	O
introduced	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
doubts	O
emerged	O
on	O
the	O
conformance	O
of	O
the	O
shopping	O
lens	O
(	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
displays	O
Amazon	O
suggestions	O
in	O
the	O
searching	O
tool	O
Unity	B-Application
Dash	I-Application
)	O
with	O
the	O
European	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Directive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	O
has	O
integrated	O
increasing	O
quantities	O
of	O
advertising	O
into	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
's	O
terminal	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
multiple	O
controversies	O
with	O
its	O
userbase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Canonical	O
placed	O
a	O
message	O
regarding	O
HBO	O
's	O
Silicon	O
Valley	O
in	O
the	O
MOTD	B-Operating_System
file	O
,	O
causing	O
the	O
message	O
to	O
be	O
shown	O
whenever	O
a	O
terminal	O
session	O
started	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
following	O
years	O
,	O
more	O
messages	O
would	O
be	O
placed	O
into	O
the	O
MOTD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
ads	O
for	O
Ubuntu	O
's	O
premium	O
service	O
,	O
Ubuntu	O
Advantage	O
,	O
were	O
introduced	O
into	O
the	O
apt	B-Application
system	O
update	O
utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
Dell	O
offers	O
the	O
XPS	B-Application
13	O
laptop	O
,	O
Developer	B-Application
Edition	O
with	O
Ubuntu	O
pre-installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Together	O
,	O
Dell	O
,	O
Lenovo	O
,	O
HP	O
,	O
and	O
Acer	O
offer	O
over	O
200	O
desktop	B-Device
and	O
over	O
400	O
laptop	O
PCs	B-Device
preloaded	O
with	O
Ubuntu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dell	O
computers	O
(	O
running	O
Ubuntu	O
10.04	O
)	O
include	O
extra	O
support	O
for	O
ATI/AMD	O
Video	O
Graphics	O
,	O
Dell	O
Wireless	O
,	O
Fingerprint	O
Readers	O
,	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
DVD	O
playback	O
(	O
using	O
LinDVD	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
MP3/WMA/WMV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Asus	O
also	O
sold	O
some	O
Eee	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
with	O
Ubuntu	O
pre-installed	O
and	O
announced	O
"	O
many	O
more	O
"	O
models	O
running	O
Ubuntu	O
for	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
Alienware	O
began	O
offering	O
its	O
X51	O
model	O
gaming	O
desktop	B-Device
pre-installed	O
with	O
Ubuntu	O
at	O
a	O
lower	O
price	O
than	O
if	O
it	O
were	O
pre-installed	O
with	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
already	O
works	O
on	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
's	O
mainframe	O
system	O
(	O
Linux	B-Application
on	I-Application
IBM	I-Application
Z	I-Application
)	O
,	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Canonical	O
(	O
and	O
SUSE	O
;	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
will	O
form	O
a	O
new	O
Open	O
Mainframe	O
Project	O
"	O
)	O
announced	O
Ubuntu	O
support	O
for	O
their	O
z/Architecture	B-Device
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
(	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
claimed	O
their	O
system	O
,	O
IBM	B-Device
zEnterprise	I-Device
System	O
,	O
version	O
z13	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
powerful	O
computer	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
in	O
2015	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
then	O
the	O
largest	O
computer	O
by	O
transistor	O
count	O
;	O
again	O
claimed	O
fastest	O
in	O
2017	O
with	O
IBM	B-Device
z14	I-Device
)	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
their	O
"	O
biggest	O
code	O
drop	O
"	O
(	O
"	O
LinuxOne	B-Application
"	O
)	O
in	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2015	O
,	O
Intel	O
launched	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
Compute	I-Device
Stick	I-Device
small	O
form	O
factor	O
computer	O
available	O
preloaded	O
with	O
Ubuntu	O
or	O
Windows	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2016	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
support	O
the	O
Ubuntu	O
userland	B-Operating_System
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
kernel	B-Operating_System
by	O
implementing	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
system	B-Operating_System
calls	I-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
subsystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
focused	O
on	O
command-line	B-Application
tools	I-Application
like	O
Bash	B-Operating_System
and	O
was	O
aimed	O
at	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
WSL	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
with	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
,	O
version	O
1709	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2019	O
,	O
other	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
are	O
also	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
the	O
new	O
WSL	O
2	O
subsystem	O
that	O
includes	O
a	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
that	O
Canonical	O
announced	O
will	O
have	O
"	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
Ubuntu	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
graphical	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
apps	O
on	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
add	O
out-of-the-box	O
support	O
for	O
graphical	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
apps	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
version	O
6	O
,	O
PowerShell	B-Application
runs	O
on	O
Ubuntu	O
and	O
can	O
manage	O
both	O
Windows	O
and	O
Ubuntu	O
computers	O
remotely	O
from	O
either	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
