<s>
In	O
computing	O
,	O
the	O
Perl	B-Language
DBI	I-Language
(	O
Perl	B-Language
Database	O
Interface	O
)	O
offers	O
a	O
standardized	O
way	O
for	O
programmers	B-Application
using	O
the	O
Perl	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
embed	O
database	O
communication	O
within	O
their	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
DBI	O
module	O
for	O
Perl	B-Language
from	O
CPAN	B-Language
can	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1992	O
,	O
Buzz	O
Moschetti	O
,	O
creator	O
of	O
interperl	O
,	O
observed	O
that	O
several	O
bespoke	O
compiled	O
extensions	O
of	O
perl	B-Language
(	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
perl	B-Language
version	O
4	O
or	O
more	O
commonly	O
perl4	O
)	O
featuring	O
connectivity	O
to	O
popular	O
SQL-based	O
databases	O
had	O
emerged	O
,	O
namely	O
Interbase	O
,	O
Informix	O
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Sybase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tim	O
Bunce	O
took	O
the	O
lead	O
and	O
began	O
specifying	O
what	O
would	O
become	O
the	O
DBI	O
module	O
in	O
1994	O
upon	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
perl5	B-Language
which	O
eliminated	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
bespoke	O
compilation	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
dynamic	O
,	O
invocation	O
time	O
loading	O
of	O
libraries	O
(	O
modules	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
Perl	B-Language
community	O
maintains	O
DBI	O
as	O
a	O
CPAN	B-Language
module	O
in	O
accordance	O
with	O
the	O
open-source	B-License
model	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
DBD	O
(	O
DataBase	O
Driver	O
)	O
modules	O
serve	O
as	O
plug-ins	B-Application
to	O
DBI	O
,	O
allowing	O
programmers	B-Application
to	O
use	O
near-database-independent	O
SQL	B-Language
code	O
in	O
their	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programmers	B-Application
can	O
also	O
use	O
the	O
DBI	O
and	O
DBD	O
modules	O
indirectly	O
using	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
object-relational	B-General_Concept
mappers	I-General_Concept
available	O
for	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
such	O
as	O
DBIx::Class	B-Language
,	O
for	O
more	O
database-independent	O
code	O
with	O
no	O
need	O
to	O
write	O
SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DBI	O
and	O
DBD	O
Perl	B-Language
packages	O
allow	O
Perl	B-Language
programmers	B-Application
to	O
access	O
many	O
database	O
environments	O
in	O
a	O
standard	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
implements	O
each	O
supported	O
database	O
environment	O
as	O
a	O
DBD	O
driver	O
,	O
in	O
much	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
that	O
hardware	O
devices	O
from	O
multiple	O
vendors	O
can	O
operate	O
with	O
different	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DBD	O
implementations	O
exist	O
for	O
proprietary	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
IBM	B-Application
Db2	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
and	O
for	O
free-software	B-Application
databases	O
such	O
as	O
SQLite	B-Language
,	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
,	O
Firebird	B-Application
and	O
MySQL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
PHP	B-Application
5	O
has	O
a	O
similar	O
interface	O
called	O
PHP	B-Application
Data	O
Objects	O
(	O
PDO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	O
's	O
Java	B-Language
Database	I-Language
Connectivity	I-Language
(	O
JDBC	B-Language
)	O
is	O
also	O
similar	O
.	O
</s>
