<s>
A	O
peripheral	B-General_Concept
nerve	I-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
bridge	O
between	O
the	O
peripheral	O
nervous	O
system	O
and	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
interface	I-Application
which	O
serves	O
as	O
a	O
bi‐directional	O
information	O
transducer	B-Algorithm
recording	O
and	O
sending	O
signals	O
between	O
the	O
human	O
body	O
and	O
a	O
machine	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interfaces	B-Application
to	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
usually	O
take	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
electrodes	O
for	O
stimulation	O
and	O
recording	O
,	O
though	O
chemical	O
stimulation	O
and	O
sensing	O
are	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
in	O
this	O
area	O
is	O
focused	O
on	O
developing	O
peripheral	B-General_Concept
nerve	I-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
restoration	O
of	O
function	O
following	O
disease	O
or	O
injury	O
to	O
minimize	O
associated	O
losses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peripheral	B-General_Concept
nerve	I-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
also	O
enable	O
electrical	O
stimulation	O
and	O
recording	O
of	O
the	O
peripheral	O
nervous	O
system	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
form	O
and	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
peripheral	O
nervous	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Successful	O
implantation	O
of	O
peripheral	B-General_Concept
nerve	I-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
depend	O
on	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
factors	O
which	O
include	O
appropriate	O
indication	O
,	O
perioperative	O
testing	O
,	O
differentiated	O
planning	O
,	O
and	O
functional	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
purpose	O
of	O
a	O
neural	B-Application
interface	I-Application
is	O
to	O
enable	O
two-way	O
exchange	O
of	O
information	O
with	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
for	O
a	O
sustained	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
to	O
enable	O
effective	O
and	O
high	O
density	O
stimulation	O
and	O
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
function	O
of	O
a	O
peripheral	B-General_Concept
nerve	I-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
assist	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
when	O
peripheral	O
nerve	O
function	O
is	O
compromised	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
supplement	O
the	O
roles	O
of	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
,	O
interfaces	B-Application
need	O
to	O
augment	O
motor	O
function	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
discern	O
sensory	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
throughout	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
is	O
exchanged	O
primarily	O
through	O
action	B-Algorithm
potentials	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
may	O
be	O
either	O
introduced	O
or	O
read	O
out	O
by	O
inducing	O
or	O
recovering	O
action	B-Algorithm
potentials	I-Algorithm
from	O
the	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Successful	O
development	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
peripheral	B-General_Concept
nerve	I-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
would	O
allow	O
for	O
both	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
information	O
to	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
extraction	O
of	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peripheral	B-General_Concept
nerve	I-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
for	O
pain	O
modulation	O
,	O
restoration	O
of	O
motor	O
function	O
following	O
spinal	O
cord	O
injury	O
or	O
stroke	O
,	O
treatment	O
of	O
epilepsy	O
by	O
electrical	O
stimulation	O
of	O
the	O
vagus	O
nerve	O
,	O
nerve	O
stimulation	O
to	O
control	O
micturition	O
,	O
occipital	O
nerve	O
stimulation	O
for	O
chronic	O
migraines	O
and	O
to	O
interface	O
with	O
neuroprosthetics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ideally	O
peripheral	B-General_Concept
nerve	I-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
are	O
optimally	O
designed	O
to	O
interface	O
with	O
biological	O
constraints	O
of	O
peripheral	O
nerve	O
fibers	O
,	O
match	O
the	O
mechanical	O
and	O
electrical	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
surrounding	O
tissue	O
,	O
biocompatible	O
with	O
minimal	O
immune	O
response	O
,	O
high	O
sensor	O
resolution	O
,	O
are	O
minimally	O
invasive	O
,	O
and	O
chronically	O
stable	O
with	O
low	O
signal-to-noise	O
ratios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peripheral	B-General_Concept
nerve	I-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
may	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
extraneural	O
and	O
intrafascular	O
categories	O
.	O
</s>
