<s>
Performance	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
work	I-General_Concept
(	O
PMW	O
)	O
describes	O
all	O
activities	O
that	O
are	O
necessary	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
performance	B-Application
requirements	O
of	O
application	O
systems	O
(	O
AS	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
met	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
PMW	O
integrates	O
software	O
performance	B-Application
engineering	O
(	O
SPE	O
)	O
and	O
application	B-Application
performance	I-Application
management	I-Application
(	O
APM	O
)	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PMW	O
supports	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
coordination	O
of	O
all	O
SPE	O
and	O
APM	O
activities	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
inevitable	O
due	O
to	O
an	O
increased	O
complexity	O
of	O
AS	O
architectures	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
performance	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
work	I-General_Concept
"	O
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
by	O
Brunnert	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
essential	O
non-functional	O
quality	O
factor	O
is	O
called	O
performance	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
described	O
by	O
the	O
metrics	O
response	O
times	O
,	O
resource	O
usage	O
and	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
metrics	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
define	O
performance	B-Application
goals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
ensure	O
performance	B-Application
of	O
AS	O
,	O
these	O
metrics	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
constantly	O
measured	O
and	O
assessed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Guaranteeing	O
appropriate	O
performance	B-Application
is	O
a	O
major	O
challenge	O
since	O
AS	O
have	O
evolved	O
to	O
complex	O
system	O
of	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
different	O
subsystems	O
of	O
AS	O
undergo	O
a	O
continuous	O
life	B-General_Concept
cycle	I-General_Concept
and	O
lie	O
within	O
the	O
responsibility	O
of	O
different	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
complexity	O
requires	O
new	O
approaches	O
for	O
performance	B-Application
management	O
of	O
such	O
system	O
of	O
systems	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
with	O
a	O
multilateral	O
IT	O
governance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Existing	O
approaches	O
such	O
as	O
SPE	O
or	O
APM	O
focus	O
on	O
certain	O
stages	O
of	O
a	O
life	B-General_Concept
cycle	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
used	O
to	O
be	O
monolithic	O
consisting	O
of	O
one	O
large	O
single	O
construct	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
have	O
progressed	O
to	O
distributed	O
architectures	B-Architecture
and	O
further	O
to	O
system	O
of	O
systems	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
interrelation	O
between	O
system	O
of	O
systems	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
and	O
IT	O
governance	O
is	O
the	O
allocation	O
of	O
several	O
systems	O
to	O
different	O
organizations	O
or	O
organizational	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
to	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
system	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
former	O
unilateral	O
IT	O
governance	O
becomes	O
a	O
multilateral	O
IT	O
governance	O
with	O
special	O
needs	O
for	O
organizational	O
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
doing	O
so	O
,	O
performance	B-Application
goals	O
and	O
metrics	O
can	O
be	O
defined	O
and	O
measured	O
through	O
load	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
method	O
to	O
achieve	O
performance	B-Application
goals	O
at	O
an	O
early	O
stage	O
of	O
development	O
are	O
performance	B-Application
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
APM	O
activities	O
support	O
Ops	O
teams	O
to	O
ensure	O
performance	B-Application
goals	O
mainly	O
by	O
meeting	O
service	O
level	O
agreements	O
(	O
SLA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APM	O
activities	O
have	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
sufficient	O
capacity	O
is	O
available	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
performance	B-Application
goals	O
can	O
be	O
met	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nowadays	O
,	O
DevOps	O
concepts	O
try	O
to	O
better	O
integrate	O
activities	O
in	O
both	O
life	B-General_Concept
cycle	I-General_Concept
phases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communication	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
collaboration	O
between	O
both	O
parts	O
support	O
that	O
performance	B-Application
goals	O
can	O
be	O
met	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
exchanging	O
performance	B-Application
metrics	O
and	O
goals	O
,	O
Dev	O
teams	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
receive	O
information	O
about	O
performance	B-Application
from	O
Ops	O
and	O
vice	O
versa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Dev	O
teams	O
can	O
use	O
performance	B-Application
information	O
from	O
Ops	O
to	O
enhance	O
performance	B-Application
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
performance	B-Application
issues	O
can	O
be	O
eliminated	O
more	O
efficiently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PMW	O
also	O
implies	O
an	O
integration	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
perspectives	O
System	O
Lifecycle	O
,	O
System	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
and	O
IT-Governance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
cloud	O
or	O
service	O
providers	O
can	O
be	O
more	O
targeted	O
as	O
knowledge	O
about	O
performance	B-Application
metrics	O
allows	O
a	O
better	O
bargaining	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
PMW	O
activities	O
help	O
to	O
evaluate	O
performance	B-Application
in	O
the	O
IT	O
value-added	O
chain	O
of	O
cross-organizational	O
AS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
increased	O
transparency	O
of	O
performance	B-Application
metrics	O
across	O
different	O
subsystems	O
also	O
helps	O
to	O
identify	O
bottlenecks	O
and	O
over	O
-	O
and	O
underutilized	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
