<s>
The	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
voltaic	B-Architecture
pile	I-Architecture
which	O
uses	O
various	O
coinage	O
as	O
the	O
metal	O
disks	O
(	O
pennies	O
)	O
of	O
a	O
traditional	O
voltaic	B-Architecture
pile	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
experiment	O
is	O
common	O
during	O
electrochemistry	O
units	O
in	O
an	O
educational	O
setting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
cell	O
in	O
a	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
can	O
produce	O
up	O
to	O
0.8	O
volt	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
can	O
be	O
stacked	O
together	O
to	O
produce	O
higher	O
voltages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
name	O
implies	O
,	O
Canadian	O
pennies	O
from	O
1997-1999	O
may	O
serve	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
electrode	O
and	O
1942-1996	O
pennies	O
as	O
the	O
copper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
American	O
pennies	O
from	O
1982	O
–	O
present	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
electrodes	O
and	O
1944-1982	O
pennies	O
as	O
the	O
copper	O
electrodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
useful	O
in	O
producing	O
a	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
voltage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
make	O
a	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
it	O
is	O
crucial	O
that	O
there	O
are	O
two	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
metals	O
with	O
a	O
substance	O
in	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
begin	O
,	O
scratch	O
off	O
the	O
copper	O
coating	O
on	O
one	O
side	O
of	O
a	O
penny	O
exposing	O
the	O
metal	O
zinc	B-Application
(	O
silver	O
color	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zinc	B-Application
side	O
should	O
be	O
facing	O
upward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Take	O
a	O
AA	O
battery	O
and	O
attach	O
it	O
to	O
voltmeter	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
working	O
properly	O
before	O
testing	O
out	O
the	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fourth	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
beneficial	O
to	O
sand	O
down	O
the	O
coins	O
instead	O
of	O
scratching	O
off	O
the	O
copper	O
to	O
reach	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
layer	O
underneath	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
first	O
hour	O
,	O
a	O
five	O
cell	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
able	O
to	O
provide	O
about	O
watts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
cell	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
stack	O
of	O
a	O
zinc	B-Application
penny	O
,	O
matboard	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
copper	O
penny	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
five	O
cell	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
can	O
last	O
up	O
to	O
6	O
1/2	O
hours	O
providing	O
minimal	O
voltage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
stack	O
of	O
cells	O
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
voltaic	B-Architecture
pile	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
functions	O
as	O
a	O
standard	O
voltaic	B-Architecture
pile	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
is	O
powered	O
by	O
a	O
redox	B-Operating_System
reaction	O
between	O
zinc	B-Application
and	O
acid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electrons	O
flow	O
through	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
solution	O
from	O
zinc	B-Application
toward	O
copper	O
because	O
zinc	B-Application
has	O
a	O
higher	O
activity	O
than	O
copper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
of	O
gas	O
corresponds	O
with	O
a	O
large	O
increase	O
in	O
entropy	B-Algorithm
,	O
making	O
the	O
reaction	O
irreversible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
types	O
of	O
cell	O
can	O
use	O
acid	O
as	O
an	O
electrolyte	O
,	O
copper	O
as	O
a	O
cathode	O
,	O
and	O
zinc	B-Application
as	O
both	O
an	O
anode	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
substance	O
to	O
be	O
oxidized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
they	O
cause	O
different	O
substances	O
to	O
be	O
reduced	O
:	O
voltaic	B-Architecture
piles	I-Architecture
reduce	O
acid	O
,	O
and	O
galvanic	O
cells	O
reduce	O
copper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voltaic	B-Architecture
piles	I-Architecture
such	O
as	O
the	O
penny	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
start	O
with	O
all	O
of	O
their	O
metal	O
in	O
solid	O
form	O
,	O
so	O
they	O
do	O
n't	O
contain	O
any	O
dissolved	O
copper	O
ions	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
reduced	O
.	O
</s>
