<s>
PATHWORKS	B-Application
(	O
it	O
was	O
usually	O
written	O
in	O
all	O
caps	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
trade	O
name	O
used	O
by	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
of	O
Maynard	O
,	O
Massachusetts	O
for	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
programs	O
that	O
eased	O
the	O
interoperation	O
of	O
Digital	O
's	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
and	O
servers	B-Application
with	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
available	O
for	O
both	O
PC	O
and	O
Mac	B-Device
systems	O
,	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
on	O
the	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
it	O
was	O
named	O
PATHWORKS	B-Application
,	O
it	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
PCSA	O
(	O
Personal	B-Device
Computing	I-Device
Systems	O
Architecture	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
server	O
part	O
of	O
Pathworks	B-Application
ran	O
on	O
OpenVMS	B-Operating_System
and	O
Ultrix	B-Operating_System
(	O
and	O
later	O
Digital	B-Operating_System
UNIX	I-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
enabled	O
a	O
system	O
or	O
cluster	O
to	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
file	O
and	O
print	O
server	O
for	O
client	O
IBM	O
PC	O
compatible	O
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
workstations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
version	O
of	O
Pathworks	B-Application
server	O
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
also	O
available	O
,	O
allowing	O
a	O
PC	O
with	O
OS/2	B-Application
to	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
server	O
to	O
other	O
PCs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pathworks	B-Application
server	O
was	O
derived	O
from	O
LanMan/X	O
,	O
the	O
portable	O
version	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Algorithm
LAN	I-Algorithm
Manager	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
PATHWORKS	B-Application
was	O
one	O
of	O
DEC	O
's	O
most	O
successful	O
products	O
ever	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analysis	O
of	O
sales	O
showed	O
that	O
on	O
average	O
,	O
each	O
PATHWORKS	B-Application
license	O
brought	O
in	O
at	O
least	O
$	O
3,000	O
USD	O
in	O
server	O
revenue	O
(	O
server	O
HW	O
,	O
SW	O
,	O
storage	O
,	O
printers	O
,	O
networking	O
,	O
and	O
services	O
)	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
driver	O
for	O
DEC	O
's	O
revenue	O
in	O
the	O
mid	O
and	O
late	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
versions	O
of	O
PATHWORKS	B-Application
were	O
known	O
as	O
Advanced	B-Application
Server	I-Application
for	I-Application
OpenVMS	I-Application
(	O
or	O
Advanced	O
Sever	O
for	O
Unix	B-Application
for	O
Tru64	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
Server	O
was	O
replaced	O
on	O
OpenVMS	B-Operating_System
by	O
Samba	B-Language
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
porting	O
of	O
VMS	B-Operating_System
to	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
effort	O
required	O
to	O
keep	O
Advanced	O
Server	O
compatible	O
with	O
new	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
and	O
the	O
Server	B-Operating_System
Message	I-Operating_System
Block	I-Operating_System
(	O
SMB	O
)	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
installed	O
onto	O
the	O
PCs	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Pathworks	B-Application
client	O
provided	O
the	O
following	O
features	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
eXcursion	O
,	O
an	O
X11	B-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
for	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
DECnet-DOS	O
file	O
transfer	O
utility	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
was	O
somewhat	O
superfluous	O
because	O
the	O
PATHWORKS	B-Application
server	B-Application
software	I-Application
presented	O
VMS	B-Operating_System
or	O
UNIX	B-Application
files	O
to	O
the	O
PC	O
clients	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
PC	O
files	O
being	O
served	O
by	O
a	O
Windows	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PATHWORKS	B-Application
server	B-Application
software	I-Application
provided	O
access	O
to	O
server	O
file	O
storage	O
and	O
print	O
services	O
using	O
the	O
native	O
Microsoft	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
versions	O
of	O
PATHWORKS	B-Application
servers	B-Application
on	O
VMS	B-Operating_System
supported	O
NetWare	O
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clients	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
never	O
achieved	O
the	O
volumes	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
clients	O
running	O
a	O
GUI	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	O
3.x	O
,	O
additional	O
components	O
available	O
included	O
an	O
X	B-Operating_System
window	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
server	O
,	O
allowing	O
clients	O
to	O
access	O
graphical	O
apps	O
running	O
on	O
VMS	B-Operating_System
or	O
UNIX	B-Application
hosts	O
,	O
and	O
clients	O
for	O
DEC	O
's	O
ALL-IN-1	B-Application
email	O
and	O
groupware	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
primitive	O
by	O
modern	O
standards	O
,	O
PATHWORKS	B-Application
was	O
very	O
sophisticated	O
for	O
its	O
time	O
;	O
far	O
more	O
than	O
just	O
a	O
file	O
and	O
print	O
server	O
,	O
it	O
made	O
client	O
microcomputers	O
into	O
terminals	O
and	O
workstations	O
on	O
a	O
DEC	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LanMan	O
normally	O
ran	O
across	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
basic	O
,	O
non-routable	O
NetBIOS/NetBEUI	B-Protocol
NBF	B-Protocol
protocol	O
,	O
but	O
Pathworks	B-Application
included	O
a	O
DECnet	O
stack	O
,	O
including	O
layers	O
like	O
the	O
LAT	O
transport	O
used	O
for	O
terminal	O
sessions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
complexity	O
of	O
DECnet	O
by	O
1980s	O
PC	O
standards	O
meant	O
that	O
the	O
Pathworks	B-Application
client	O
was	O
a	O
huge	O
software	O
stack	O
to	O
have	O
resident	O
in	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
;	O
configuring	O
the	O
Pathworks	B-Application
client	O
was	O
a	O
complex	O
task	O
,	O
made	O
more	O
so	O
by	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
preserve	O
enough	O
conventional	B-Device
memory	I-Device
for	O
DOS	O
applications	O
to	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
keep	O
a	O
reasonable	O
amount	O
of	O
base	B-Device
memory	I-Device
free	O
mandated	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
QEMM	B-Device
or	O
a	O
similar	O
memory	B-General_Concept
manager	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
problem	O
went	O
away	O
once	O
386-based	O
PCs	B-Device
became	O
prevalent	O
and	O
MS	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
provided	O
built-in	O
support	O
for	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
