<s>
A	O
passenger	B-Application
information	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
or	O
passenger	B-Application
information	I-Application
display	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
is	O
an	O
automated	O
system	O
for	O
supplying	O
users	O
of	O
public	O
transport	O
with	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
nature	O
and	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
a	O
public	O
transport	O
service	O
through	O
visual	O
,	O
voice	O
or	O
other	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Static	O
or	O
schedule	O
information	O
,	O
which	O
changes	O
only	O
occasionally	O
and	O
is	O
typically	O
used	O
for	O
journey	B-Application
planning	I-Application
prior	O
to	O
departure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real-time	B-General_Concept
information	O
,	O
derived	O
from	O
automatic	O
vehicle	O
location	O
systems	O
and	O
changes	O
continuously	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
real-world	O
events	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
typically	O
used	O
during	O
the	O
course	O
of	O
a	O
journey	O
(	O
primarily	O
how	O
close	O
the	O
service	O
is	O
running	O
to	O
time	O
and	O
when	O
it	O
is	O
due	O
at	O
a	O
stop	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
incidents	O
that	O
affect	O
service	O
operations	O
,	O
platform	O
changes	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
most	O
transit	O
operators	O
now	O
also	O
use	O
integrated	O
passenger	B-Application
information	I-Application
systems	I-Application
that	O
provide	O
either	O
schedule-based	O
information	O
through	O
a	O
journey	B-Application
planner	I-Application
application	O
or	O
schedule-based	O
information	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real-time	B-General_Concept
information	O
is	O
an	O
advance	O
on	O
schedule-only	O
information	O
,	O
which	O
recognises	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
public	O
transport	O
services	O
do	O
not	O
always	O
operate	O
exactly	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
published	O
timetable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real-time	B-General_Concept
information	O
is	O
provided	O
to	O
passengers	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
ways	O
,	O
including	O
mobile	B-Application
phone	I-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
platform-level	O
signage	O
,	O
and	O
automated	O
public	O
address	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
four	O
principal	O
considerations	O
for	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
passenger	B-Application
information	I-Application
(	O
static	O
or	O
real	O
time	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
there	O
may	O
be	O
difficulties	O
with	O
co-ordinating	O
data	B-Application
sharing	I-Application
between	O
multiple	O
organisations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
prediction	O
algorithms	O
are	O
not	O
perfect	O
and	O
so	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
announcements	O
may	O
be	O
in	O
error	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
worth	O
noting	O
that	O
there	O
must	O
be	O
an	O
actual	O
value	O
,	O
as	O
individuals	O
are	O
willing	O
to	O
pay	O
for	O
systems	O
that	O
give	O
them	O
access	O
to	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
data	O
relating	O
to	O
their	O
journey	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touch	B-Device
screen	I-Device
kiosks	O
for	O
self-service	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
information	O
provided	O
by	O
a	O
passenger	B-Application
information	I-Application
system	I-Application
depends	O
on	O
its	O
location	O
and	O
the	O
technical	O
scope	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Personalised	O
channels	O
(	O
web	O
,	O
mobile	O
device	O
,	O
or	O
kiosk	O
)	O
is	O
normally	O
set	O
up	O
to	O
mimic	O
the	O
view	O
from	O
a	O
station	O
or	O
stop	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
may	O
in	O
addition	O
be	O
linked	O
to	O
journey	B-Application
planners	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
bus	O
network	O
in	O
Paris	O
,	O
monochrome	O
LCDs	B-Device
have	O
been	O
used	O
since	O
1996	O
to	O
indicate	O
the	O
time	O
needed	O
for	O
a	O
bus	O
on	O
a	O
bus	O
route	O
to	O
arrive	O
at	O
a	O
bus	O
stop	O
,	O
after	O
a	O
two-year	O
trial	O
period	O
on	O
a	O
few	O
bus	O
routes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
information	O
is	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
train	O
conductor	O
(	O
via	O
SMS	B-Device
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
the	O
passenger	O
via	O
loudspeaker	O
in	O
the	O
train	O
station	O
or	O
schedule	O
boards	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
queried	O
in	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
via	O
mobile	O
devices	O
like	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RIS	O
was	O
started	O
in	O
2003	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
2007	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
planned	O
to	O
have	O
30,000	O
trains	O
equipped	O
with	O
the	O
necessary	O
train	B-Application
describer	I-Application
(	O
electronic	O
train	O
number	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
accompanying	O
program	O
the	O
older	O
split-flap	B-Device
displays	I-Device
were	O
replaced	O
by	O
electronic	O
dot-matrix	O
signage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Large	O
stations	O
have	O
platform	B-Application
displays	I-Application
with	O
multiple	O
rows	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
Deutsche	O
Bahn	O
network	O
operator	O
developed	O
the	O
Dynamic	O
Font	O
Indicator	O
(	O
(	O
DSA	O
)	O
)	O
standard	O
system	O
for	O
smaller	O
stations	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
row	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	O
Rail	O
stations	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
visual	O
platform	B-Application
displays	I-Application
and	O
audio	O
announcements	O
,	O
which	O
indicate	O
the	O
next	O
service	O
or	O
services	O
from	O
the	O
platform	O
and	O
warn	O
passengers	O
to	O
stand	O
clear	O
of	O
trains	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
scheduled	O
to	O
stop	O
,	O
not	O
in	O
use	O
or	O
are	O
about	O
to	O
depart	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
London	O
Underground	O
stations	O
have	O
“	O
countdown	B-Application
”	O
displays	O
on	O
each	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
deployment	O
of	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
bus	O
information	O
systems	O
is	O
a	O
gradual	O
process	O
and	O
currently	O
extends	O
to	O
around	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
national	O
fleet	O
and	O
a	O
high	O
proportion	O
of	O
town-centre	O
stops	O
but	O
relatively	O
few	O
suburban	O
and	O
rural	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
information	O
has	O
the	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
feed	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
connected	O
in	O
;	O
otherwise	O
,	O
the	O
scheduled	O
times	O
are	O
given	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
government-sponsored	O
Transport	O
Direct	O
project	O
provided	O
journey	B-Application
planning	I-Application
across	O
all	O
transport	O
modes	O
(	O
including	O
private	O
car	O
)	O
and	O
was	O
increasingly	O
linked	O
to	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
information	O
systems	O
prior	O
to	O
its	O
discontinuation	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real-time	B-General_Concept
passenger	B-Application
information	I-Application
was	O
brought	O
to	O
riders	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
by	O
NextBus	O
corporation	O
,	O
a	O
small	O
start-up	O
,	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Washington	O
Metro	O
installed	O
a	O
passenger	B-Application
information	I-Application
display	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
PIDS	O
)	O
in	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
stations	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
provides	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
information	O
on	O
next	O
train	O
arrivals	O
,	O
delayed	O
trains	O
,	O
emergency	O
announcements	O
,	O
and	O
related	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metro	O
also	O
provides	O
current	O
train	O
and	O
related	O
information	O
to	O
customers	O
with	O
conventional	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
users	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
other	O
mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Metro	O
began	O
sharing	O
its	O
PIDS	O
data	O
with	O
outside	O
software	O
developers	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
creating	O
additional	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
applications	O
for	O
mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	O
apps	O
are	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
on	O
major	O
mobile	O
device	O
software	O
platforms	O
(	O
iPhone/iPad	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
,	O
Palm	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
also	O
began	O
providing	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
train	O
information	O
by	O
phone	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
Subway	O
began	O
installing	O
its	O
public	O
address/customer	O
information	O
screens	O
,	O
commonly	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
countdown	B-Application
clocks	O
"	O
,	O
in	O
its	O
stations	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
began	O
offering	O
SubTime	O
,	O
a	O
website	O
and	O
iPhone	B-Device
app	O
for	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
train	O
arrival	O
estimates	O
for	O
several	O
of	O
its	O
subway	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
arrival	O
data	O
are	O
shared	O
with	O
outside	O
software	O
developers	O
to	O
support	O
creation	O
of	O
additional	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
PIDS	O
installed	O
on	O
some	O
MTA	O
Regional	O
Bus	O
Operations	O
routes	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
,	O
but	O
mostly	O
,	O
the	O
MTA	O
offers	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
bus	O
tracking	O
through	O
another	O
website/app	O
called	O
MTA	B-Application
Bus	I-Application
Time	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Boston	O
MBTA	O
Red	O
,	O
Orange	O
,	O
and	O
Blue	O
Lines	O
introduced	O
countdown	B-Application
locks	O
in	O
early	O
2014	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Green	O
Line	O
introduced	O
them	O
the	O
following	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	B-Application
to	I-Application
Speech	I-Application
products	O
have	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
convert	O
PIDS	O
data	O
to	O
speech	O
in	O
a	O
choice	O
of	O
over	O
20	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
