<s>
PowerShell	O
is	O
a	O
task	O
automation	O
and	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
program	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
command-line	B-Application
shell	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
associated	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
component	O
only	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
made	O
open-source	B-Application
and	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
on	O
August	O
18	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
Core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
,	O
the	O
latter	O
on	O
.NET	B-Application
(	O
previously	O
.NET	B-Application
Core	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
PowerShell	O
,	O
administrative	O
tasks	O
are	O
generally	O
performed	O
via	O
cmdlets	O
(	O
pronounced	O
command-lets	O
)	O
,	O
which	B-Device
are	O
specialized	O
.NET	B-Application
classes	O
implementing	O
a	O
particular	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
work	O
by	O
accessing	O
data	O
in	O
different	O
data	O
stores	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
or	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Registry	I-Protocol
,	O
which	B-Device
are	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
PowerShell	O
via	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cmdlets	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
scripts	O
,	O
which	B-Device
may	O
in	O
turn	O
be	O
packaged	O
into	O
modules	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cmdlets	O
work	O
in	O
tandem	O
with	O
the	O
.NET	B-Application
API	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
's	O
support	O
for	B-Language
.NET	B-General_Concept
Remoting	I-General_Concept
,	O
WS-Management	O
,	O
CIM	O
,	O
and	O
SSH	B-Protocol
enables	O
administrators	O
to	O
perform	O
administrative	O
tasks	O
on	O
both	O
local	O
and	O
remote	O
Windows	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
also	O
provides	O
a	O
hosting	O
API	B-General_Concept
with	O
which	B-Device
the	O
PowerShell	O
runtime	B-Library
can	O
be	O
embedded	O
inside	O
other	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
applications	O
can	O
then	O
use	O
PowerShell	O
functionality	O
to	O
implement	O
certain	O
operations	O
,	O
including	O
those	O
exposed	O
via	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
capability	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Exchange	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
2007	O
to	O
expose	O
its	O
management	O
functionality	O
as	O
PowerShell	O
cmdlets	O
and	O
providers	O
and	O
implement	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
management	O
tools	O
as	O
PowerShell	O
hosts	O
which	B-Device
invoke	O
the	O
necessary	O
cmdlets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
Microsoft	O
applications	O
including	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2008	B-Device
also	O
expose	O
their	O
management	O
interface	O
via	O
PowerShell	O
cmdlets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
includes	O
its	O
own	O
extensive	O
,	O
console-based	O
help	B-Protocol
(	O
similar	O
to	O
man	B-Protocol
pages	I-Protocol
in	O
Unix	B-Application
shells	I-Application
)	O
accessible	O
via	O
the	O
Get-Help	O
cmdlet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Updated	O
local	O
help	B-Protocol
contents	O
can	O
be	O
retrieved	O
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
via	O
the	O
Update-Help	O
cmdlet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
help	B-Protocol
from	O
the	O
web	O
can	O
be	O
acquired	O
on	O
a	O
case-by-case	O
basis	O
via	O
the	O
-online	O
switch	O
to	O
Get-Help	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
command-line	B-Application
interpreter	B-Application
(	O
CLI	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
inseparable	O
part	O
of	O
most	O
Microsoft	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
MS-DOS	B-Application
and	O
Xenix	B-Application
relied	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
on	O
CLI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
5	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
complementary	O
graphical	B-Application
DOS	B-Application
Shell	I-Application
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
9x	O
family	O
came	O
bundled	O
with	O
COMMAND.COM	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
command-line	B-Application
environment	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
families	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
new	O
cmd.exe	B-Device
that	O
bore	O
strong	O
similarities	O
to	O
COMMAND.COM	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
environments	O
support	O
a	O
few	O
basic	O
internal	O
commands	O
and	O
a	O
primitive	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
(	O
batch	O
files	O
)	O
,	O
which	B-Device
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
automate	O
various	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
they	O
cannot	O
automate	O
all	O
facets	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
because	O
command-line	B-Application
equivalents	O
of	O
operations	O
are	O
limited	O
and	O
the	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
elementary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
attempted	O
to	O
address	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
shortcomings	O
by	O
introducing	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
Script	O
Host	O
in	O
1998	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
,	O
and	O
its	O
command-line	B-Application
based	O
host	O
,	O
cscript.exe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
integrates	O
with	O
the	O
Active	B-Application
Script	I-Application
engine	O
and	O
allows	O
scripts	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
compatible	O
languages	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
JScript	B-Language
and	O
VBScript	B-Application
,	O
leveraging	O
the	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
exposed	O
by	O
applications	O
via	O
the	O
component	B-Application
object	I-Application
model	I-Application
(	O
COM	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
provided	O
various	O
special-purpose	O
command-line	B-Application
interpreters	B-Application
(	O
such	O
as	O
netsh	O
and	O
WMIC	O
)	O
with	O
their	O
own	O
command	O
sets	O
but	O
they	O
were	O
not	O
interoperable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
further	O
attempted	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
experience	O
but	O
scripting	O
support	O
was	O
still	O
unsatisfactory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
Intel	O
had	O
come	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
asking	O
for	B-Language
help	B-Protocol
in	O
making	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
which	B-Device
ran	O
on	O
Intel	O
CPUs	O
,	O
a	O
more	O
appropriate	O
platform	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
future	O
Intel	O
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
Intel	O
CPU	O
development	O
was	O
accomplished	O
on	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
computers	O
which	B-Device
ran	O
Solaris	B-Application
(	O
a	O
Unix	B-Application
variant	O
)	O
on	O
RISC-architecture	O
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
Intel	O
's	O
many	O
KornShell	B-Language
automation	O
scripts	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
was	O
identified	O
as	O
a	O
key	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internally	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
began	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
port	O
of	O
Korn	B-Language
Shell	I-Language
,	O
which	B-Device
was	O
code-named	O
Kermit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
ultimately	O
pivoted	O
to	O
a	O
Linux-based	O
development	O
platform	O
that	O
could	O
run	O
on	O
Intel	O
CPUs	O
,	O
rendering	O
the	O
Kermit	O
project	O
redundant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2002	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
started	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
new	O
approach	O
to	O
command-line	B-Application
management	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
CLI	O
called	O
Monad	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Microsoft	O
Shell	B-Operating_System
or	O
MSH	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2017	O
interview	O
,	O
Snover	O
explains	O
the	O
genesis	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
he	O
had	O
been	O
trying	O
to	O
make	O
Unix	B-Application
tools	O
available	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
which	B-Device
did	O
n't	O
work	O
due	O
to	O
"	O
core	B-Operating_System
architectural	I-Operating_System
difference[s]	I-Operating_System
between	I-Operating_System
Windows	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
he	O
noted	O
that	O
Linux	B-Application
considers	O
everything	O
an	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
text	I-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
,	O
whereas	O
Windows	B-Application
considers	O
everything	O
an	O
"	O
API	B-General_Concept
that	O
returns	O
structured	O
data	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
fundamentally	O
incompatible	O
,	O
which	B-Device
led	O
him	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
different	O
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
they	O
opened	O
up	O
private	O
beta	O
,	O
which	B-Device
eventually	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
public	O
beta	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
25	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
not	O
long	O
after	O
the	O
initial	O
Monad	O
announcement	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
that	O
Monad	O
had	O
been	O
renamed	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
,	O
positioning	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
significant	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
management	O
technology	O
offerings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
significant	O
aspect	O
of	O
both	O
the	O
name	O
change	O
and	O
the	O
RC	O
was	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
now	O
a	O
component	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
mere	O
add-on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
for	B-Language
earlier	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
was	O
released	O
on	O
January	O
30	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
CTP	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
v2.0	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
in	O
December	O
2008	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
v2.0	O
was	O
completed	O
and	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
in	O
August	O
2009	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
were	O
released	O
in	O
October	O
2009	O
and	O
are	O
available	O
for	B-Language
download	O
for	B-Language
both	O
32-bit	O
and	O
64-bit	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
October	O
2009	O
issue	O
of	O
TechNet	O
Magazine	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
called	O
proficiency	O
with	O
PowerShell	O
"	O
the	O
single	O
most	O
important	O
skill	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
administrator	B-Application
will	O
need	O
in	O
the	O
coming	O
years	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
10	O
shipped	O
a	O
testing	O
framework	O
for	B-Language
PowerShell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
18	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
made	O
PowerShell	O
open-source	B-Application
and	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
with	O
support	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
CentOS	O
and	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
source	O
code	O
was	O
published	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
move	B-Device
to	O
open	O
source	O
created	O
a	O
second	O
incarnation	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
called	O
"	O
PowerShell	O
Core	O
"	O
,	O
which	B-Device
runs	O
on	O
.NET	B-Application
Core	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
distinct	O
from	O
"	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
"	O
,	O
which	B-Device
runs	O
on	O
the	O
full	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
version	O
5.1	O
,	O
PowerShell	O
Core	O
is	O
bundled	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2016	I-Device
Nano	O
Server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
design	O
tactic	O
for	B-Language
PowerShell	O
was	O
to	O
leverage	O
the	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
that	O
already	O
existed	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Library
Management	I-Library
Instrumentation	I-Library
,	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
intent	O
with	O
this	O
tactic	O
is	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
administrator-friendly	O
,	O
more-consistent	O
interface	O
between	O
administrators	O
and	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
underlying	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
PowerShell	O
,	O
an	O
administrator	B-Application
does	O
n't	O
need	O
to	O
know	O
.NET	B-Application
,	O
WMI	O
,	O
or	O
low-level	O
API	B-General_Concept
coding	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
instead	O
focus	O
on	O
using	O
the	O
cmdlets	O
exposed	O
by	O
PowerShell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
's	O
developers	O
based	O
the	O
core	O
grammar	O
of	O
the	O
tool	O
on	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
POSIX	O
1003.2	O
KornShell	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
PowerShell	O
's	O
language	O
was	O
also	O
influenced	O
by	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
existing	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
can	O
execute	O
four	O
kinds	O
of	O
named	O
commands	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
command	O
is	O
a	O
standalone	O
executable	B-Application
program	I-Application
,	O
PowerShell	O
launches	O
it	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
process	B-Operating_System
;	O
if	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
cmdlet	O
,	O
it	O
executes	O
in	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
process	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
provides	O
an	O
interactive	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
where	O
the	O
commands	O
can	O
be	O
entered	O
and	O
their	O
output	O
displayed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
enables	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
aliases	B-Device
for	B-Language
cmdlets	O
,	O
which	B-Device
PowerShell	O
textually	O
translates	O
into	O
invocations	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
supports	O
both	O
named	O
and	O
positional	O
parameters	O
for	B-Language
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
executing	O
a	O
cmdlet	O
,	O
the	O
job	O
of	O
binding	O
the	O
argument	O
value	O
to	O
the	O
parameter	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
PowerShell	O
itself	O
,	O
but	O
for	B-Language
external	O
executables	B-Application
,	O
arguments	O
are	O
parsed	O
by	O
the	O
external	O
executable	B-Application
independently	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
interpretation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerShell	O
Extended	O
Type	B-Device
System	O
(	O
ETS	O
)	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
.NET	B-Application
type	B-Device
system	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
extended	O
semantics	O
(	O
for	B-Language
example	O
,	O
propertySets	O
and	O
third-party	O
extensibility	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
example	O
,	O
it	O
enables	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
different	O
views	O
of	O
objects	O
by	O
exposing	O
only	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
fields	O
,	O
properties	O
,	O
and	O
methods	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
specifying	O
custom	O
formatting	O
and	O
sorting	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
views	O
are	O
mapped	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
object	O
using	O
XML-based	O
configuration	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cmdlets	O
follow	O
a	O
Verb-Noun	O
naming	O
pattern	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Get-ChildItem	O
,	O
which	B-Device
makes	O
it	O
self-documenting	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cmdlets	O
output	O
their	O
results	O
as	O
objects	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
receive	O
objects	O
as	O
input	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
suitable	O
for	B-Language
use	O
as	O
recipients	O
in	O
a	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
cmdlet	O
outputs	O
multiple	O
objects	O
,	O
each	O
object	O
in	O
the	O
collection	O
is	O
passed	O
down	O
through	O
the	O
entire	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
before	O
the	O
next	O
object	O
is	O
processed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cmdlets	O
are	O
specialized	O
.NET	B-Application
classes	O
,	O
which	B-Device
the	O
PowerShell	O
runtime	B-Library
instantiates	O
and	O
invokes	O
at	O
execution	B-Library
time	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cmdlets	O
derive	O
either	O
from	O
Cmdlet	O
or	O
from	O
PSCmdlet	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
being	O
used	O
when	O
the	O
cmdlet	O
needs	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
runtime	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
base	O
classes	O
specify	O
certain	O
methods	O
–	O
BeginProcessing( )	O
,	O
ProcessRecord( )	O
and	O
EndProcessing( )	O
–	O
which	B-Device
the	O
cmdlet	O
's	O
implementation	O
overrides	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whenever	O
a	O
cmdlet	O
runs	O
,	O
PowerShell	O
invokes	O
these	O
methods	O
in	O
sequence	O
,	O
with	O
ProcessRecord( )	O
being	O
called	O
if	O
it	O
receives	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
objects	O
is	O
piped	O
,	O
the	O
method	O
is	O
invoked	O
for	B-Language
each	O
object	O
in	O
the	O
collection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
class	O
implementing	O
the	O
cmdlet	O
must	O
have	O
one	O
.NET	B-Application
attribute	B-General_Concept
–	O
CmdletAttribute	O
–	O
which	B-Device
specifies	O
the	O
verb	O
and	O
the	O
noun	O
that	O
make	O
up	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
cmdlet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
verbs	O
are	O
provided	O
as	O
an	O
enum	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
cmdlet	O
receives	O
either	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
input	O
or	O
command-line	B-Application
parameter	O
input	O
,	O
there	O
must	O
be	O
a	O
corresponding	O
property	B-Language
in	O
the	O
class	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
mutator	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
invokes	O
the	O
mutator	O
with	O
the	O
parameter	O
value	O
or	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
input	O
,	O
which	B-Device
is	O
saved	O
by	O
the	O
mutator	O
implementation	O
in	O
class	O
variables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
values	O
are	O
then	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
the	O
methods	O
which	B-Device
implement	O
the	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Properties	O
that	O
map	O
to	O
command-line	B-Application
parameters	O
are	O
marked	O
by	O
ParameterAttribute	O
and	O
are	O
set	O
before	O
the	O
call	O
to	O
BeginProcessing( )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
which	B-Device
map	O
to	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
input	O
are	O
also	O
flanked	O
by	O
ParameterAttribute	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
the	O
ValueFromPipeline	O
attribute	B-General_Concept
parameter	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implementation	O
of	O
these	O
cmdlet	O
classes	O
can	O
refer	O
to	O
any	O
.NET	B-Application
API	B-General_Concept
and	O
may	O
be	O
in	O
any	O
.NET	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
PowerShell	O
makes	O
certain	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
available	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
WriteObject( )	O
,	O
which	B-Device
is	O
used	O
to	O
access	O
PowerShell-specific	O
functionality	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
writing	O
resultant	O
objects	O
to	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cmdlets	O
can	O
use	O
.NET	B-Application
data	O
access	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
directly	O
or	O
use	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
infrastructure	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
Providers	O
,	O
which	B-Device
make	O
data	O
stores	O
addressable	O
using	O
unique	O
paths	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
ships	O
with	O
providers	O
for	B-Language
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
registry	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
certificate	O
store	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
namespaces	O
for	B-Language
command	O
aliases	B-Device
,	O
variables	O
,	O
and	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
also	O
includes	O
various	O
cmdlets	O
for	B-Language
managing	O
various	O
Windows	B-Application
systems	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
or	O
using	O
Windows	B-Library
Management	I-Library
Instrumentation	I-Library
to	O
control	O
Windows	B-Device
components	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cmdlets	O
can	O
be	O
added	O
into	O
the	O
shell	B-Operating_System
through	O
snap-ins	O
(	O
deprecated	O
in	O
v2	O
)	O
and	O
modules	B-Architecture
;	O
users	O
are	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
cmdlets	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
base	O
PowerShell	O
installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
implements	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	B-Device
enables	O
piping	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
one	O
cmdlet	O
to	O
another	O
cmdlet	O
as	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
example	O
,	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
Get-Process	O
cmdlet	O
could	O
be	O
piped	O
to	O
the	O
Where-Object	O
to	O
filter	O
any	O
process	B-Operating_System
that	O
has	O
less	O
than	O
1MB	O
of	O
paged	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
then	O
to	O
the	O
Sort-Object	O
cmdlet	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
to	O
sort	O
the	O
objects	O
by	O
handle	O
count	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
finally	O
to	O
the	O
Select-Object	O
cmdlet	O
to	O
select	O
just	O
the	O
first	O
ten	O
processes	O
based	O
on	O
handle	O
count	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
Unix	B-Operating_System
pipelines	I-Operating_System
,	O
PowerShell	O
pipelines	B-Operating_System
can	O
construct	O
complex	O
commands	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
|	O
operator	O
to	O
connect	O
stages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
differs	O
from	O
Unix	B-Operating_System
pipelines	I-Operating_System
in	O
that	O
stages	O
execute	O
within	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
runtime	B-Library
rather	O
than	O
as	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
processes	O
coordinated	O
by	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
structured	O
.NET	B-Application
objects	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
byte	O
streams	O
,	O
are	O
passed	O
from	O
one	O
stage	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
objects	O
and	O
executing	O
stages	O
within	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
runtime	B-Library
eliminates	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
serialize	B-Application
data	O
structures	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
extract	O
them	O
by	O
explicitly	O
parsing	B-Language
text	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
object	O
can	O
also	O
encapsulate	B-Application
certain	O
functions	O
that	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
contained	O
data	O
,	O
which	B-Device
become	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
recipient	O
command	O
for	B-Language
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
the	O
last	O
cmdlet	O
in	O
a	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
,	O
PowerShell	O
automatically	O
pipes	B-Operating_System
its	O
output	O
object	O
to	O
the	O
Out-Default	O
cmdlet	O
,	O
which	B-Device
transforms	O
the	O
objects	O
into	O
a	O
stream	O
of	O
format	O
objects	O
and	O
then	O
renders	O
those	O
to	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
all	O
PowerShell	O
objects	O
are	O
.NET	B-Application
objects	O
,	O
they	O
share	O
a	O
.ToString( )	O
method	O
,	O
which	B-Device
retrieves	O
the	O
text	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
in	O
an	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
PowerShell	O
allows	O
formatting	O
definitions	O
to	O
be	O
specified	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
text	O
representation	O
of	O
objects	O
can	O
be	O
customized	O
by	O
choosing	O
which	B-Device
data	O
elements	O
to	O
display	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
what	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
maintain	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
,	O
if	O
an	O
external	O
executable	B-Application
is	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
receives	O
a	O
text	O
stream	O
representing	O
the	O
object	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
directly	O
integrating	O
with	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
type	B-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
includes	O
a	O
dynamically	O
typed	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
which	B-Device
can	O
implement	O
complex	O
operations	O
using	O
cmdlets	O
imperatively	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
supports	O
variables	O
,	O
functions	O
,	O
branching	O
(	O
if-then-else	B-Language
)	O
,	O
loops	O
(	O
while	O
,	O
do	O
,	O
for	B-Language
,	O
and	O
foreach	O
)	O
,	O
structured	O
error/exception	O
handling	O
and	O
closures/lambda	O
expressions	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
integration	O
with	O
.NET	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
notation	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
C#	B-Application
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
provides	O
special	O
variables	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
$args	O
,	O
which	B-Device
is	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
arguments	O
passed	O
to	O
a	O
function	O
from	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
,	O
and	O
$_	O
,	O
which	B-Device
refers	O
to	O
the	O
current	O
object	O
in	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
also	O
provides	O
arrays	O
and	O
associative	B-Application
arrays	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerShell	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
also	O
evaluates	O
arithmetic	O
expressions	O
entered	O
on	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
immediately	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
parses	O
common	O
abbreviations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
GB	O
,	O
MB	O
,	O
and	O
KB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
function	O
keyword	O
,	O
PowerShell	O
provides	O
for	B-Language
the	O
creation	O
of	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
PowerShell	O
allows	O
for	B-Language
advanced	O
functions	O
that	O
support	O
named	O
parameters	O
,	O
positional	O
parameters	O
,	O
switch	O
parameters	O
and	O
dynamic	O
parameters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
allows	O
any	O
static	O
.NET	B-Application
methods	O
to	O
be	O
called	O
by	O
providing	O
their	O
namespaces	O
enclosed	O
in	O
brackets	O
( []	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
using	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
colons	O
(	O
:	O
:	O
)	O
to	O
indicate	O
the	O
static	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
example:There	O
are	O
dozens	O
of	O
ways	O
to	O
create	O
objects	O
in	O
PowerShell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
accepts	O
strings	O
,	O
both	O
raw	O
and	O
escaped	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
string	O
enclosed	O
between	O
single	O
quotation	O
marks	O
is	O
a	O
raw	O
string	O
while	O
a	O
string	O
enclosed	O
between	O
double	O
quotation	O
marks	O
is	O
an	O
escaped	B-Algorithm
string	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
error	O
handling	O
,	O
PowerShell	O
provides	O
a	O
.NET-based	O
exception-handling	O
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
case	O
of	O
errors	O
,	O
objects	O
containing	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
error	O
(	O
Exception	O
object	O
)	O
are	O
thrown	O
,	O
which	B-Device
are	O
caught	O
using	O
the	O
try	O
...	O
catch	O
construct	O
(	O
although	O
a	O
trap	O
construct	O
is	O
supported	O
as	O
well	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripts	O
written	O
using	O
PowerShell	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
persist	O
across	O
sessions	O
in	O
either	O
a	O
.ps1	O
file	O
or	O
a	O
.psm1	O
file	O
(	O
the	O
latter	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
a	O
module	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripts	O
and	O
functions	O
operate	O
analogously	O
with	O
cmdlets	O
,	O
in	O
that	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
commands	O
in	O
pipelines	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
parameters	O
can	O
be	O
bound	O
to	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pipeline	B-Operating_System
objects	O
can	O
be	O
passed	O
between	O
functions	O
,	O
scripts	O
,	O
and	O
cmdlets	O
seamlessly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerShell	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
supports	O
binary	O
prefix	O
notation	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
scientific	O
notation	O
supported	O
by	O
many	O
programming	O
languages	O
in	O
the	O
C-family	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
can	O
also	O
use	O
PowerShell	O
embedded	O
in	O
a	O
management	O
application	O
,	O
which	B-Device
uses	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
runtime	B-Library
to	O
implement	O
the	O
management	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
this	O
,	O
PowerShell	O
provides	O
a	O
managed	O
hosting	O
API	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Via	O
the	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
application	O
can	O
instantiate	O
a	O
runspace	O
(	O
one	O
instantiation	O
of	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
runtime	B-Library
)	O
,	O
which	B-Device
runs	O
in	O
the	O
application	O
's	O
process	B-Operating_System
and	O
is	O
exposed	O
as	O
a	O
Runspace	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
runspace	O
is	O
created	O
,	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
runtime	B-Library
initializes	O
the	O
instantiation	O
,	O
including	O
initializing	O
the	O
providers	O
and	O
enumerating	O
the	O
cmdlets	O
,	O
and	O
updates	O
the	O
SessionState	O
object	O
accordingly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Runspace	O
then	O
must	O
be	O
opened	O
for	B-Language
either	O
synchronous	O
processing	O
or	O
asynchronous	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
execute	O
a	O
command	O
,	O
a	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
(	O
represented	O
by	O
a	O
Pipeline	B-Operating_System
object	O
)	O
must	O
be	O
created	O
and	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
runspace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
object	O
is	O
then	O
populated	O
with	O
the	O
cmdlets	O
that	O
make	O
up	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
sequential	O
operations	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
PowerShell	O
script	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
Pipeline	B-Operating_System
object	O
is	O
created	O
for	B-Language
each	O
statement	O
and	O
nested	O
inside	O
another	O
Pipeline	B-Operating_System
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
is	O
created	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
invokes	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
processor	O
,	O
which	B-Device
resolves	O
the	O
cmdlets	O
into	O
their	O
respective	O
assemblies	O
(	O
the	O
command	O
processor	O
)	O
and	O
adds	O
a	O
reference	O
to	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
associates	O
them	O
with	O
InputPipe	O
,	O
OutputPipe	O
and	O
ErrorOutputPipe	O
objects	O
,	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
connection	O
with	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
types	O
are	O
verified	O
and	O
parameters	O
bound	O
using	O
reflection	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
is	O
set	O
up	O
,	O
the	O
host	O
calls	O
the	O
Invoke( )	O
method	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
commands	O
,	O
or	O
its	O
asynchronous	O
equivalent	O
,	O
InvokeAsync( )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
has	O
the	O
Write-Host	O
cmdlet	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
writes	O
the	O
result	O
onto	O
the	O
console	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
not	O
,	O
the	O
results	O
are	O
handed	O
over	O
to	O
the	O
host	O
,	O
which	B-Device
might	O
either	O
apply	O
further	O
processing	O
or	O
display	O
the	O
output	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Exchange	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
2007	O
uses	O
the	O
hosting	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
to	O
provide	O
its	O
management	O
GUI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
operation	O
exposed	O
in	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
is	O
mapped	O
to	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
commands	O
(	O
or	O
pipelines	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
host	O
creates	O
the	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
and	O
executes	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
the	O
interactive	O
PowerShell	O
console	O
itself	O
is	O
a	O
PowerShell	O
host	O
,	O
which	B-Device
interprets	B-Application
the	O
scripts	O
entered	O
at	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
and	O
creates	O
the	O
necessary	O
Pipeline	B-Operating_System
objects	O
and	O
invokes	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSC	O
allows	O
for	B-Language
declaratively	O
specifying	O
how	O
a	O
software	O
environment	O
should	O
be	O
configured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Local	O
Configuration	O
Manager	O
(	O
LCM	O
)	O
periodically	O
polls	O
the	O
system	O
using	O
the	O
control	O
flow	O
described	O
by	O
resources	O
(	O
imperative	B-Application
pieces	O
of	O
DSC	O
)	O
to	O
make	O
sure	O
that	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
a	O
configuration	O
is	O
maintained	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
major	O
releases	O
are	O
still	O
supported	O
,	O
and	O
each	O
major	O
release	O
has	O
featured	O
backwards	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
with	O
preceding	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
1.0	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
November	O
2006	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
SP2	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
SP1	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
an	O
optional	O
component	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
2.0	O
is	O
integrated	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
and	O
is	O
released	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
3	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
v2	O
includes	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
hosting	O
API	B-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
including	O
more	O
than	O
240	O
new	O
cmdlets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Background	O
jobs	O
:	O
Also	O
called	O
a	O
PSJob	O
,	O
it	O
allows	O
a	O
command	O
sequence	O
(	O
script	O
)	O
or	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
invoked	O
asynchronously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transactions	O
:	O
Enable	O
cmdlet	O
and	O
developers	O
can	O
perform	O
transactional	B-General_Concept
operations	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
2.0	O
includes	O
transaction	O
cmdlets	O
for	B-Language
starting	O
,	O
committing	O
,	O
and	O
rolling	O
back	O
a	O
PSTransaction	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
features	O
to	O
manage	O
and	O
direct	O
the	O
transaction	O
to	O
the	O
participating	O
cmdlet	O
and	O
provider	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerShell	O
Registry	B-Protocol
provider	O
supports	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
functions	O
:	O
These	O
are	O
cmdlets	O
written	O
using	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modules	B-Architecture
:	O
This	O
allows	O
script	O
developers	O
and	O
administrators	O
to	O
organize	O
and	O
partition	O
PowerShell	O
scripts	O
in	O
self-contained	O
,	O
reusable	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
from	O
a	O
module	B-Architecture
executes	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
self-contained	O
context	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
affect	O
the	O
state	O
outside	O
the	O
module	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modules	B-Architecture
can	O
define	O
a	O
restricted	O
runspace	O
environment	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
language	O
:	O
A	O
domain-specific	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
allows	O
data	O
definitions	O
to	O
be	O
decoupled	O
from	O
the	O
scripts	O
and	O
allows	O
localized	B-General_Concept
string	O
resources	O
to	O
be	O
imported	O
into	O
the	O
script	O
at	B-Library
runtime	I-Library
(	O
Script	O
Internationalization	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
enables	O
PowerShell	O
scripts	O
to	O
subscribe	O
to	O
ObjectEvents	O
,	O
PSEvents	O
,	O
and	O
WmiEvents	O
and	O
process	B-Operating_System
them	O
synchronously	O
and	O
asynchronously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
Integrated	O
Scripting	O
Environment	O
(	O
ISE	O
)	O
:	O
PowerShell	O
2.0	O
includes	O
a	O
GUI-based	O
PowerShell	O
host	O
that	O
provides	O
integrated	O
debugger	B-Application
,	O
syntax	O
highlighting	O
,	O
tab	O
completion	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
8	O
PowerShell	O
Unicode-enabled	O
consoles	O
(	O
Runspaces	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
tabbed	O
UI	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
only	O
the	O
selected	O
parts	O
in	O
a	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
file	O
transfer	O
:	O
Native	O
support	O
for	B-Language
prioritized	O
,	O
throttled	O
,	O
and	O
asynchronous	O
transfer	O
of	O
files	O
between	O
machines	O
using	O
the	O
Background	B-Protocol
Intelligent	I-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Service	I-Protocol
(	O
BITS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
cmdlets	O
:	O
Including	O
Out-GridView	O
,	O
which	B-Device
displays	O
tabular	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
WPF	B-Device
GridView	O
object	O
,	O
on	O
systems	O
that	O
allow	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
if	O
ISE	O
is	O
installed	O
and	O
enabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Exception	O
handling	O
with	O
Try-Catch-Finally	O
:	O
Unlike	O
other	O
.NET	B-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
this	O
allows	O
multiple	O
exception	O
types	O
for	B-Language
a	O
single	O
catch	O
block	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
:	O
The	O
new	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
range	O
from	O
handing	O
more	O
control	O
over	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
parser	B-Language
and	O
runtime	B-Library
to	O
the	O
host	O
,	O
to	O
creating	O
and	O
managing	O
collection	O
of	O
Runspaces	O
(	O
RunspacePools	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
Restricted	O
Runspaces	O
which	B-Device
only	O
allow	O
a	O
configured	O
subset	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
to	O
be	O
invoked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
3.0	O
is	O
integrated	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
and	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
also	O
made	O
PowerShell	O
3.0	O
available	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
,	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
,	O
and	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
3.0	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
larger	O
package	O
,	O
3.0	O
(	O
WMF3	O
)	O
,	O
which	B-Device
also	O
contains	O
the	O
WinRM	O
service	O
to	O
support	O
remoting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
community	O
technology	O
preview	O
2	O
(	O
CTP	O
2	O
)	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Management	O
Framework	O
3.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
December	O
2	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Management	O
Framework	O
3.0	O
was	O
released	O
for	B-Language
general	O
availability	O
in	O
December	O
2012	O
and	O
is	O
included	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scheduled	O
jobs	O
:	O
Jobs	O
can	O
be	O
scheduled	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
preset	O
time	O
and	O
date	O
using	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
Task	O
Scheduler	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improved	O
code	O
writing	O
:	O
Code	O
completion	O
(	O
IntelliSense	O
)	O
and	O
snippets	B-Application
are	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
ISE	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
use	O
dialog	O
boxes	O
to	O
fill	O
in	O
parameters	O
for	B-Language
PowerShell	O
cmdlets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Delegation	O
support	O
:	O
Administrative	O
tasks	O
can	O
be	O
delegated	O
to	O
users	O
who	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
permissions	O
for	B-Language
that	O
type	B-Device
of	O
task	O
,	O
without	O
granting	O
them	O
perpetual	O
additional	O
permissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Help	B-Protocol
update	O
:	O
Help	B-Protocol
documentations	O
can	O
be	O
updated	O
via	O
Update-Help	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automatic	O
module	B-Architecture
detection	O
:	O
Modules	B-Architecture
are	O
loaded	O
implicitly	O
whenever	O
a	O
command	O
from	O
that	O
module	B-Architecture
is	O
invoked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
completion	O
works	O
for	B-Language
unloaded	O
modules	B-Architecture
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
commands	O
:	O
Dozens	O
of	O
new	O
modules	B-Architecture
were	O
added	O
,	O
including	O
functionality	O
to	O
manage	O
disks	O
get-WmiObject	O
win32_logicaldisk	O
,	O
volumes	O
,	O
firewalls	O
,	O
network	O
connections	O
,	O
and	O
printers	O
,	O
which	B-Device
had	O
previously	O
been	O
performed	O
via	O
WMI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
4.0	O
is	O
integrated	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
8.1	I-Device
and	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
also	O
made	O
PowerShell	O
4.0	O
available	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
SP1	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
SP1	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
default	O
execution	O
policy	O
:	O
On	O
Windows	B-Device
Servers	I-Device
,	O
the	O
default	O
execution	O
policy	O
is	O
now	O
RemoteSigned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Save-Help	O
:	O
Help	B-Protocol
can	O
now	O
be	O
saved	O
for	B-Language
modules	B-Architecture
that	O
are	O
installed	O
on	O
remote	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enhanced	O
debugging	O
:	O
The	O
debugger	B-Application
now	O
supports	O
debugging	O
workflows	O
,	O
remote	O
script	O
execution	O
and	O
preserving	O
debugging	O
sessions	O
across	O
PowerShell	O
session	O
reconnections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Management	O
Framework	O
(	O
WMF	O
)	O
5.0	O
RTM	O
which	B-Device
includes	O
PowerShell	O
5.0	O
was	O
re-released	O
to	O
web	O
on	O
February	O
24	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
following	O
an	O
initial	O
release	O
with	O
a	O
severe	O
bug	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extending	O
support	O
for	B-Language
switch	O
management	O
to	O
layer	B-Protocol
2	I-Protocol
network	B-Protocol
switches	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
released	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
10	O
Anniversary	O
Update	O
on	O
August	O
2	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2016	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LocalAccounts	O
module	B-Architecture
allows	O
for	B-Language
adding/removing	O
local	O
user	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
preview	O
for	B-Language
PowerShell	O
5.1	O
was	O
released	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
on	O
July	O
16	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
January	O
19	O
,	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Desktop	O
"	O
edition	O
is	O
the	O
continuation	O
of	O
the	O
traditional	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
that	O
runs	O
on	O
the	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Core	O
"	O
edition	O
runs	O
on	O
.NET	B-Application
Core	I-Application
and	O
is	O
bundled	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2016	I-Device
Nano	O
Server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
exchange	O
for	B-Language
smaller	O
footprint	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
lacks	O
some	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
cmdlets	O
to	O
manage	O
clipboard	O
or	O
join	O
a	O
computer	O
to	O
a	O
domain	O
,	O
WMI	O
version	O
1	O
cmdlets	O
,	O
Event	O
Log	O
cmdlets	O
and	O
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
made	O
exclusively	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
Core	O
6.0	O
was	O
first	O
announced	O
on	O
August	O
18	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
when	O
Microsoft	O
unveiled	O
PowerShell	O
Core	O
and	O
its	O
decision	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
product	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
,	O
independent	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
free	O
and	O
open	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
achieved	O
general	O
availability	O
on	O
January	O
10	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
its	O
own	O
support	O
lifecycle	O
and	O
adheres	O
to	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
lifecycle	O
policy	O
that	O
is	O
introduced	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
10	O
:	O
Only	O
the	O
latest	O
version	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
Core	O
is	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
expects	O
to	O
release	O
one	O
minor	O
version	O
for	B-Language
PowerShell	O
Core	O
6.0	O
every	O
six	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
administrators	O
,	O
this	O
version	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
did	O
not	O
include	O
any	O
major	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
interview	O
with	O
the	O
community	O
on	O
January	O
11	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
PowerShell	O
team	O
was	O
asked	O
to	O
list	O
the	O
top	O
10	O
most	O
exciting	O
things	O
that	O
would	O
happen	O
for	B-Language
a	O
Windows	B-Application
IT	O
professional	O
who	O
would	O
migrate	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
5.1	O
to	O
PowerShell	O
Core	O
6.0	O
;	O
in	O
response	O
,	O
Angel	O
Calvo	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
could	O
only	O
name	O
two	O
:	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
and	O
open-source	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
features	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
6.1	O
is	O
"	O
Compatibility	O
with	O
1900+	O
existing	O
cmdlets	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
10	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	O
2019.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
later	O
professes	O
that	O
this	O
number	O
was	O
insufficient	O
as	O
PowerShell	O
Core	O
failed	O
to	O
replace	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
5.1	O
and	O
gain	O
traction	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
popular	O
on	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	O
7	O
is	O
the	O
replacement	O
for	B-Language
PowerShell	O
Core	O
6.x	O
products	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
5.1	O
,	O
which	B-Device
is	O
the	O
last	O
supported	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
focus	O
in	O
development	O
was	O
to	O
make	O
PowerShell	O
7	O
a	O
viable	O
replacement	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
5.1	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
have	O
near	O
parity	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
compatibility	O
with	O
modules	B-Architecture
that	O
ship	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
.NET	O
6.0	O
and	O
features	O
universal	O
installer	O
packages	O
for	B-Language
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
updates	O
to	O
PowerShell	O
7.2	O
and	O
later	O
come	O
via	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Update	O
service	O
;	O
this	O
feature	O
has	O
been	O
missing	O
from	O
PowerShell	O
6.0	O
through	O
7.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
version	O
includes	O
some	O
general	O
Cmdlet	O
updates	O
and	O
fixes	O
,	O
testing	O
for	B-Language
framework	O
dependent	O
package	O
in	O
release	O
pipeline	B-Operating_System
as	O
well	O
as	O
build	O
and	O
packaging	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
table	O
contains	O
a	O
selection	O
of	O
the	O
cmdlets	O
that	O
ship	O
with	O
PowerShell	O
,	O
noting	O
similar	O
commands	O
in	O
other	O
well-known	O
command-line	B-Application
interpreters	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
similar	O
commands	O
come	O
out-of-the-box	O
defined	O
as	O
aliases	B-Device
within	O
PowerShell	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
easy	O
for	B-Language
people	O
familiar	O
with	O
other	O
common	O
shells	O
to	O
start	O
working	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
project	O
named	O
Pash	B-Language
,	O
a	O
pun	B-Application
on	O
the	O
widely	O
known	O
"	O
bash	B-Operating_System
"	O
Unix	B-Application
shell	I-Application
,	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
and	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
reimplementation	O
of	O
PowerShell	O
via	O
the	O
Mono	B-Application
framework	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pash	B-Language
was	O
created	O
by	O
Igor	O
Moochnick	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
C#	B-Application
and	O
was	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pash	B-Language
development	O
stalled	O
in	O
2008	B-Device
,	O
was	O
restarted	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
in	O
2012	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
ceased	O
in	O
2016	O
when	O
PowerShell	O
was	O
officially	O
made	O
open-source	B-Application
and	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
