<s>
Parking	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
are	O
proximity	B-Device
sensors	I-Device
for	O
road	O
vehicles	O
designed	O
to	O
alert	O
the	O
driver	O
of	O
obstacles	O
while	O
parking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
use	O
either	O
electromagnetic	O
or	O
ultrasonic	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
feature	O
ultrasonic	B-Algorithm
proximity	B-Device
detectors	I-Device
to	O
measure	O
the	O
distances	O
to	O
nearby	O
objects	O
via	O
sensors	O
located	O
in	O
the	O
front	O
and/or	O
rear	O
bumper	O
fascias	O
or	O
visually	O
minimized	O
within	O
adjacent	O
grills	O
or	O
recesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
ultrasonic	B-Algorithm
systems	O
relies	O
on	O
the	O
reflection	O
of	O
sound	O
waves	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
may	O
not	O
detect	O
flat	O
objects	O
or	O
object	O
insufficiently	O
large	O
to	O
reflect	O
sound	O
—	O
e.g.	O
,	O
a	O
narrow	O
pole	O
or	O
a	O
longitudinal	O
object	O
pointed	O
directly	O
at	O
the	O
vehicle	O
or	O
near	O
an	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electromagnetic	O
parking	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
(	O
EPS	O
)	O
was	O
re-invented	O
and	O
patented	O
in	O
1992	O
by	O
Mauro	O
Del	O
Signore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electromagnetic	O
parking	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
are	O
often	O
sold	O
as	O
not	O
requiring	O
any	O
holes	O
to	O
be	O
drilled	O
offering	O
a	O
unique	O
design	O
that	O
discreetly	O
mounts	O
on	O
the	O
inner	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
bumper	O
preserving	O
the	O
'	O
new	O
factory	O
look	O
 '	O
of	O
your	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Toyota	O
introduced	O
ultrasonic	B-Algorithm
Back	O
Sonar	O
on	O
the	O
1982	O
Toyota	O
Corona	O
,	O
offering	O
it	O
until	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
13	O
,	O
1984	O
Massimo	O
Ciccarello	O
and	O
Ruggero	O
Lenci	O
(	O
see	O
List	O
of	O
Italian	O
inventors	O
)	O
entered	O
in	O
Italy	O
the	O
patent	O
request	O
for	O
ultrasonics	O
Parking	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
November	O
16	O
,	O
1988	O
the	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Industry	O
granted	O
them	O
the	O
Patent	O
for	O
industrial	O
invention	O
n	O
.	O
1196650	O
.	O
</s>
