<s>
Parallel	B-Algorithm
metaheuristic	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
class	O
of	O
techniques	O
that	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
reducing	O
both	O
the	O
numerical	O
effort	O
and	O
the	O
run	O
time	O
of	O
a	O
metaheuristic	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
this	O
end	O
,	O
concepts	O
and	O
technologies	O
from	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
parallelism	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
to	O
enhance	O
and	O
even	O
completely	O
modify	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
existing	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Just	O
as	O
it	O
exists	O
a	O
long	O
list	O
of	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
like	O
evolutionary	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
,	O
particle	B-Algorithm
swarm	I-Algorithm
,	O
ant	B-Algorithm
colony	I-Algorithm
optimization	I-Algorithm
,	O
simulated	B-Algorithm
annealing	I-Algorithm
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
complex	O
and	O
real-world	O
problems	O
are	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
fall	O
in	O
two	O
categories	O
:	O
trajectory-based	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
and	O
population-based	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
population	O
is	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
randomly	O
generated	O
(	O
or	O
created	O
with	O
a	O
greedy	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
basic	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
are	O
sequential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
discussion	O
on	O
how	O
parallelism	O
can	O
be	O
mixed	O
with	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
see	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Population-based	O
metaheuristic	B-Algorithm
are	O
stochastic	O
search	O
techniques	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
successfully	O
applied	O
in	O
many	O
real	O
and	O
complex	O
applications	O
(	O
epistatic	O
,	O
multimodal	O
,	O
multi-objective	O
,	O
and	O
highly	O
constrained	O
problems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
well-known	O
metaheuristic	B-Algorithm
families	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
manipulation	O
of	O
a	O
population	O
of	O
solutions	O
are	O
evolutionary	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
(	O
EAs	O
)	O
,	O
ant	B-Algorithm
colony	I-Algorithm
optimization	I-Algorithm
(	O
ACO	O
)	O
,	O
particle	B-Algorithm
swarm	I-Algorithm
optimization	I-Algorithm
(	O
PSO	O
)	O
,	O
scatter	O
search	O
(	O
SS	O
)	O
,	O
differential	B-Algorithm
evolution	I-Algorithm
(	O
DE	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
estimation	O
distribution	O
algorithms	O
(	O
EDA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
known	O
types	O
of	O
structured	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
distributed	O
(	O
or	O
coarse	O
grain	O
)	O
and	O
cellular	O
(	O
or	O
fine	O
grain	O
)	O
algorithms	O
are	O
very	O
popular	O
optimization	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
design	O
a	O
distributed	O
metaheuristic	B-Algorithm
,	O
we	O
must	O
take	O
several	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
for	O
more	O
information	O
on	O
cellular	B-Algorithm
Genetic	I-Algorithm
Algorithms	I-Algorithm
and	O
related	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
