<s>
A	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
or	O
package-management	B-Application
system	O
is	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
software	O
tools	O
that	O
automates	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
installing	O
,	O
upgrading	B-General_Concept
,	O
configuring	O
,	O
and	O
removing	O
computer	O
programs	O
for	O
a	O
computer	O
in	O
a	O
consistent	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
deals	O
with	O
packages	O
,	O
distributions	O
of	O
software	O
and	O
data	O
in	O
archive	B-Application
files	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Packages	O
contain	O
metadata	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
software	O
's	O
name	O
,	O
description	O
of	O
its	O
purpose	O
,	O
version	O
number	O
,	O
vendor	O
,	O
checksum	B-Algorithm
(	O
preferably	O
a	O
cryptographic	B-Algorithm
hash	I-Algorithm
function	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
dependencies	B-Application
necessary	O
for	O
the	O
software	O
to	O
run	O
properly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
installation	B-Application
,	O
metadata	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
local	O
package	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
typically	O
maintain	O
a	O
database	O
of	O
software	B-Library
dependencies	I-Library
and	O
version	O
information	O
to	O
prevent	O
software	O
mismatches	O
and	O
missing	O
prerequisites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
work	O
closely	O
with	O
software	B-Application
repositories	I-Application
,	O
binary	B-Application
repository	I-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
and	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
are	O
designed	O
to	O
eliminate	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
manual	O
installs	O
and	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
particularly	O
useful	O
for	O
large	O
enterprises	O
whose	O
operating	O
systems	O
typically	O
consist	O
of	O
hundreds	O
or	O
even	O
tens	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
distinct	O
software	B-Application
packages	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
was	O
SMIT	O
(	O
and	O
its	O
backend	O
installp	O
)	O
from	O
IBM	B-Application
AIX	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SMIT	O
was	O
introduced	O
with	O
AIX	B-Application
3.0	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
from	O
around	O
1994	O
,	O
had	O
no	O
automatic	O
dependency	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
but	O
could	O
already	O
drastically	O
simplify	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
adding	O
and	O
removing	O
software	O
from	O
a	O
running	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
around	O
1995	O
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
CPAN	B-Language
,	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
began	O
doing	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
downloading	B-Application
packages	O
from	O
a	O
repository	O
,	O
automatically	O
resolving	O
its	O
dependencies	B-Application
and	O
installing	O
them	O
as	O
needed	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
much	O
easier	O
to	O
install	O
,	O
uninstall	O
and	O
update	O
software	O
from	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
software	B-Application
package	I-Application
is	O
an	O
archive	B-Application
file	I-Application
containing	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
necessary	O
metadata	O
for	O
its	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Package	O
metadata	O
include	O
package	O
description	O
,	O
package	O
version	O
,	O
and	O
dependencies	B-Application
(	O
other	O
packages	O
that	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
beforehand	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
are	O
charged	O
with	O
the	O
task	O
of	O
finding	O
,	O
installing	O
,	O
maintaining	O
or	O
uninstalling	O
software	B-Application
packages	I-Application
upon	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
functions	O
of	O
a	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
systems	O
that	O
rely	O
on	O
dynamic	B-Application
library	I-Application
linking	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
static	B-Library
library	I-Library
linking	O
,	O
share	O
executable	O
libraries	B-Library
of	O
machine	O
instructions	O
across	O
packages	O
and	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
these	O
systems	O
,	O
conflicting	O
relationships	O
between	O
different	O
packages	O
requiring	O
different	O
versions	O
of	O
libraries	B-Library
results	O
in	O
a	O
challenge	O
colloquially	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
dependency	B-Protocol
hell	I-Protocol
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
systems	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
also	O
called	O
"	O
DLL	O
hell	O
"	O
when	O
working	O
with	O
dynamically	O
linked	O
libraries	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
have	O
mostly	O
solved	O
these	O
problems	O
,	O
by	O
allowing	O
parallel	O
installation	B-Application
of	O
multiple	O
versions	O
of	O
a	O
library	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
's	O
Framework	O
system	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
dependency	B-Application
of	O
any	O
kind	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
slots	O
in	O
Gentoo	B-Application
Portage	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
of	O
packages	O
compiled	O
with	O
different	O
compiler	O
versions	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
dynamic	B-Application
libraries	I-Application
built	O
by	O
the	B-Application
Glasgow	I-Application
Haskell	I-Application
Compiler	I-Application
,	O
where	O
a	O
stable	O
ABI	B-Operating_System
does	O
not	O
exist	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
enable	O
other	O
packages	O
to	O
specify	O
which	O
version	O
they	O
were	O
linked	O
or	O
even	O
installed	O
against	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	B-Application
administrators	I-Application
may	O
install	O
and	O
maintain	O
software	O
using	O
tools	O
other	O
than	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
local	O
administrator	O
may	O
download	B-Application
unpackaged	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
compile	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
install	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
may	O
cause	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
local	O
system	O
to	O
fall	O
out	O
of	O
synchronization	O
with	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
's	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
local	O
administrator	O
will	O
be	O
required	O
to	O
take	O
additional	O
measures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
manually	O
managing	O
some	O
dependencies	B-Application
or	O
integrating	O
the	O
changes	O
into	O
the	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
tools	O
available	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
locally	O
compiled	O
packages	O
are	O
integrated	O
with	O
the	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
distributions	O
based	O
on	O
.deb	O
and	O
.rpm	B-Application
files	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Slackware	B-Application
Linux	I-Application
,	O
there	O
is	O
CheckInstall	B-Device
,	O
and	O
for	O
recipe-based	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
Gentoo	B-Application
Linux	I-Application
and	O
hybrid	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
Arch	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
write	O
a	O
recipe	O
first	O
,	O
which	O
then	O
ensures	O
that	O
the	O
package	O
fits	O
into	O
the	O
local	O
package	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Particularly	O
troublesome	O
with	O
software	B-General_Concept
upgrades	I-General_Concept
are	O
upgrades	B-General_Concept
of	O
configuration	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
at	O
least	O
on	O
Unix	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
originated	O
as	O
extensions	O
of	O
file	B-Application
archiving	I-Application
utilities	I-Application
,	O
they	O
can	O
usually	O
only	O
either	O
overwrite	O
or	O
retain	O
configuration	O
files	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
applying	O
rules	O
to	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Debian	O
's	O
dpkg	B-Language
,	O
allow	O
configuration	O
during	O
installation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
situations	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
desirable	O
to	O
install	O
packages	O
with	O
the	O
default	O
configuration	O
and	O
then	O
overwrite	O
this	O
configuration	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
in	O
headless	B-Application
installations	B-Application
to	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
kind	O
of	O
pre-configured	O
installation	B-Application
is	O
also	O
supported	O
by	O
dpkg	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
give	O
users	O
more	O
control	O
over	O
the	O
kinds	O
of	O
software	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
allowing	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
their	O
system	O
(	O
and	O
sometimes	O
due	O
to	O
legal	O
or	O
convenience	O
reasons	O
on	O
the	O
distributors	O
 '	O
side	O
)	O
,	O
software	O
is	O
often	O
downloaded	B-Application
from	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
software	B-Application
repositories	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
user	O
interacts	O
with	O
the	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
software	O
to	O
bring	O
about	O
an	O
upgrade	B-General_Concept
,	O
it	O
is	O
customary	O
to	O
present	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
actions	O
to	O
be	O
executed	O
(	O
usually	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
packages	O
to	O
be	O
upgraded	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
possibly	O
giving	O
the	O
old	O
and	O
new	O
version	O
numbers	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
allow	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
either	O
accept	O
the	O
upgrade	B-General_Concept
in	O
bulk	O
,	O
or	O
select	O
individual	O
packages	O
for	O
upgrades	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
can	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
never	O
upgrade	B-General_Concept
certain	O
packages	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
upgrade	B-General_Concept
them	O
only	O
when	O
critical	O
vulnerabilities	O
or	O
instabilities	O
are	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
previous	O
version	O
,	O
as	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
packager	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
advanced	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
features	O
offer	O
"	O
cascading	O
package	O
removal	O
"	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
all	O
packages	O
that	O
depend	O
on	O
the	O
target	O
package	O
and	O
all	O
packages	O
that	O
only	O
the	O
target	O
package	O
depends	O
on	O
,	O
are	O
also	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
commands	O
are	O
specific	O
for	O
every	O
particular	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
,	O
they	O
are	O
to	O
a	O
large	O
extent	O
translatable	O
,	O
as	O
most	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
offer	O
similar	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actionzypper	O
pacman	O
apt	B-Application
dnf	B-Application
(	O
yum	B-Application
)	O
swupd	O
portage	B-Application
Nix	B-Application
Homebrew	B-Application
WinGetxbps	O
Install	O
package	O
Remove	O
package	O
or	O
(	O
is	O
shorthand	O
for	O
or	O
)	O
Remove	O
package	O
(	O
and	O
orphans	O
)	O
or	O
Update	O
software	O
database	O
or	O
Show	O
updatable	O
packages	O
or	O
or	O
(	O
is	O
shorthand	O
for	O
and	O
is	O
shorthand	O
for	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Arch	O
Linux	B-Application
Pacman/Rosetta	O
wiki	O
offers	O
an	O
extensive	O
overview	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
like	O
dpkg	B-Language
have	O
existed	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
oriented	O
to	O
binary	O
packages	O
rely	O
heavily	O
on	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
as	O
their	O
primary	O
means	O
of	O
managing	O
and	O
maintaining	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
operating	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
Android	B-Application
(	O
Linux-based	O
)	O
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
Unix-based	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
rely	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
on	O
their	O
respective	O
vendors	O
 '	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
and	O
thus	O
use	O
their	O
own	O
dedicated	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
is	O
often	O
called	O
an	O
"	O
install	O
manager	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
a	O
confusion	O
between	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
and	O
installers	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
build	B-Application
automation	I-Application
utility	O
typically	O
takes	O
human-readable	O
source	O
code	O
files	O
already	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
automates	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
converting	O
them	O
into	O
a	O
binary	O
executable	O
package	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
or	O
remote	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
a	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
typically	O
running	O
on	O
some	O
other	O
computer	O
downloads	B-Application
those	O
pre-built	O
binary	O
executable	O
packages	O
over	O
the	O
internet	O
and	O
installs	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
dependency	B-Application
graph	O
topological	B-Algorithm
sorting	I-Algorithm
used	O
in	O
a	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
to	O
handle	O
dependencies	B-Application
between	O
binary	O
components	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
build	O
manager	O
to	O
handle	O
the	O
dependency	B-Application
between	O
source	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
every	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
for	O
a	O
source-based	O
distribution	O
Portage	B-Application
,	O
Sorcery	O
,	O
Homebrew	B-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
tools	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Maak	B-Application
and	O
A-A-P	O
,	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
handle	O
both	O
building	O
and	O
deployment	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
either	O
a	O
build	B-Application
automation	I-Application
utility	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
or	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
App	B-Application
stores	I-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
considered	O
application-level	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
traditional	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
are	O
designed	O
to	O
enable	O
payment	O
for	O
the	O
software	O
itself	O
(	O
instead	O
of	O
for	O
software	O
development	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
only	O
offer	O
monolithic	O
packages	O
with	O
no	O
dependencies	B-Application
or	O
dependency	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
known	O
as	O
binary	B-Application
repository	I-Application
manager	I-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
software	O
tool	O
designed	O
to	O
optimize	O
the	O
download	B-Application
and	O
storage	O
of	O
binary	O
files	O
,	O
artifacts	O
and	O
packages	O
used	O
and	O
produced	O
in	O
the	O
software	O
development	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
aim	O
to	O
standardize	O
the	O
way	O
enterprises	O
treat	O
all	O
package	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Universal	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
have	O
been	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
being	O
at	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
a	O
DevOps	O
toolchain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
relies	O
on	O
the	O
format	O
and	O
metadata	O
of	O
the	O
packages	O
it	O
can	O
manage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
,	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
need	O
groups	O
of	O
files	O
to	O
be	O
bundled	O
for	O
the	O
specific	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
along	O
with	O
appropriate	O
metadata	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
dependencies	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
,	O
a	O
core	O
set	O
of	O
utilities	O
manages	O
the	O
basic	O
installation	B-Application
from	O
these	O
packages	O
and	O
multiple	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
use	O
these	O
utilities	O
to	O
provide	O
additional	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
yum	B-Application
relies	O
on	O
rpm	B-Application
as	O
a	O
backend	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yum	B-Application
extends	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
the	O
backend	O
by	O
adding	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
simple	O
configuration	O
for	O
maintaining	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
another	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Synaptic	B-Language
Package	I-Language
Manager	I-Language
provides	O
a	O
graphical	O
user	O
interface	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
Advanced	B-Application
Packaging	I-Application
Tool	I-Application
(	O
apt	B-Application
)	O
library	O
,	O
which	O
,	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
relies	O
on	O
dpkg	B-Language
for	O
core	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alien	B-Language
is	O
a	O
program	O
that	O
converts	O
between	O
different	O
Linux	B-Application
package	I-Application
formats	I-Application
,	O
supporting	O
conversion	O
between	O
Linux	B-Application
Standard	I-Application
Base	I-Application
(	O
LSB	O
)	O
compliant	O
.rpm	B-Application
packages	O
,	O
.deb	O
,	O
Stampede	O
(	O
.slp	O
)	O
,	O
Solaris	B-Application
(	O
.pkg	O
)	O
and	O
Slackware	B-Application
(	O
.tgz	B-Application
,	O
.txz	O
,	O
.tbz	O
,	O
.tlz	O
)	O
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mobile	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
consumes	O
Android	B-Application
application	I-Application
package	I-Application
(	O
APK	B-Application
)	O
package	B-Application
format	I-Application
while	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Store	I-Application
uses	O
APPX	O
and	O
XAP	B-Application
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Both	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Store	I-Application
have	O
eponymous	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
packages	O
under	O
similar	O
and	O
compatible	O
licenses	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
packages	O
can	O
be	O
combined	O
and	O
distributed	O
using	O
configurable	O
and	O
internally	O
complex	O
packaging	O
systems	O
to	O
handle	O
many	O
permutations	O
of	O
software	O
and	O
manage	O
version-specific	O
dependencies	B-Application
and	O
conflicts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
packaging	O
systems	O
of	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
are	O
also	O
themselves	O
released	O
as	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
typical	O
difference	O
between	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
in	O
proprietary	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Mac	O
OS	O
X	O
and	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
those	O
in	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
is	O
that	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
systems	O
permit	O
third-party	O
packages	O
to	O
also	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
upgraded	B-General_Concept
through	O
the	O
same	O
mechanism	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
of	O
Mac	O
OS	O
X	O
and	O
Windows	O
will	O
only	O
upgrade	B-General_Concept
software	O
provided	O
by	O
Apple	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
respectively	O
(	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
some	O
third	O
party	O
drivers	O
in	O
Windows	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
continuously	O
upgrade	B-General_Concept
third-party	O
software	O
is	O
typically	O
added	O
by	O
adding	O
the	O
URL	O
of	O
the	O
corresponding	O
repository	O
to	O
the	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
's	O
configuration	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beside	O
the	O
system-level	O
application	O
managers	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
some	O
add-on	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
for	O
operating	O
systems	O
with	O
limited	O
capabilities	O
and	O
for	O
programming	O
languages	O
in	O
which	O
developers	O
need	O
the	O
latest	O
libraries	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
system-level	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
application-level	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
focus	O
on	O
a	O
small	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
typically	O
reside	O
within	O
a	O
directory	O
tree	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
system-level	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
or	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
might	O
not	O
be	O
the	O
case	O
for	O
the	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
that	O
deal	O
with	O
programming	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
,	O
leading	O
to	O
a	O
possible	O
conflict	O
as	O
both	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
may	O
claim	O
to	O
"	O
own	O
"	O
a	O
file	O
and	O
might	O
break	O
upgrades	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ian	O
Murdock	O
had	O
commented	O
that	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
is	O
"	O
the	O
single	O
biggest	O
advancement	O
Linux	B-Application
has	O
brought	O
to	O
the	O
industry	O
"	O
,	O
that	O
it	O
blurs	O
the	O
boundaries	O
between	O
operating	O
system	O
and	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
makes	O
it	O
"	O
easier	O
to	O
push	O
new	O
innovations	O
 [ ... ] 	O
into	O
the	O
marketplace	O
and	O
 [ ... ] 	O
evolve	O
the	O
OS	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
conference	O
for	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
developers	O
known	O
as	O
PackagingCon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
established	O
in	O
2021	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
to	O
understand	O
different	O
approaches	O
to	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
.	O
</s>
