<s>
PETSCII	B-Protocol
(	O
PET	B-Device
Standard	O
Code	O
of	O
Information	O
Interchange	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
CBM	B-Protocol
ASCII	I-Protocol
,	O
is	O
the	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
used	O
in	O
Commodore	O
Business	O
Machines	O
 '	O
8-bit	O
home	O
computers	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
PET	B-Device
from	O
1977	O
and	O
including	O
the	O
CBM-II	B-Device
,	O
VIC-20	B-Device
,	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
Commodore	B-Operating_System
16	I-Operating_System
,	O
Commodore	B-Operating_System
116	I-Operating_System
,	O
Plus/4	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Commodore	B-Device
128	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
was	O
largely	O
designed	O
by	O
Leonard	O
Tramiel	O
(	O
the	O
son	O
of	O
Commodore	O
CEO	O
Jack	O
Tramiel	O
)	O
and	O
PET	B-Device
designer	O
Chuck	O
Peddle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graphic	O
characters	O
of	O
PETSCII	B-Protocol
were	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
extensions	O
Commodore	O
specified	O
for	O
Commodore	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
when	O
laying	O
out	O
desired	O
changes	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
existing	O
6502	B-General_Concept
BASIC	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Ric	O
Weiland	O
in	O
1977	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VIC-20	B-Device
used	O
the	O
same	O
pixel-for-pixel	O
font	O
as	O
the	O
PET	B-Device
,	O
although	O
the	O
characters	O
appeared	O
wider	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
VIC	O
's	O
22-column	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
used	O
a	O
slightly	O
re-designed	O
,	O
heavy	O
upper-case	O
font	O
,	O
essentially	O
a	O
thicker	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
PET	B-Device
's	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
avoid	O
color	O
artifacts	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
machine	O
's	O
higher	O
resolution	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
C64	O
's	O
lowercase	O
characters	O
are	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
lowercase	O
characters	O
in	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
800	I-Device
's	O
system	O
font	O
(	O
released	O
several	O
years	O
earlier	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peddle	O
claims	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
card	O
suit	O
symbols	O
was	O
spurred	O
by	O
the	O
demand	O
that	O
it	O
should	O
be	O
easy	O
to	O
write	O
card	O
games	O
on	O
the	O
PET	B-Device
(	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
specification	O
list	O
he	O
received	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Unshifted	O
"	O
PETSCII	B-Protocol
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
1963	O
version	O
of	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
(	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
1967	O
version	O
,	O
which	O
most	O
if	O
not	O
all	O
other	O
computer	O
character	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
use	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
only	O
uppercase	O
letters	O
,	O
an	O
up-arrow	O
instead	O
of	O
caret	O
at	O
$5E	O
and	O
a	O
left-arrow	O
instead	O
of	O
an	O
underscore	O
at	O
$5F	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
VIC-20	B-Device
and	O
C64	O
version	O
,	O
a	O
British	O
pound	O
sign	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
backslash	O
at	O
$5C	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
characters	O
added	O
in	O
ASCII-1967	O
:	O
lowercase	O
letters	O
,	O
the	O
grave	O
accent	O
,	O
curly	O
braces	O
,	O
vertical	O
bar	O
,	O
and	O
tildedo	O
not	O
exist	O
in	O
PETSCII	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Codes	O
$60$7F	O
and	O
$A0$BF	O
are	O
allotted	O
to	O
CBM-specific	O
block	B-Data_Structure
graphics	I-Data_Structure
characters	I-Data_Structure
(	O
horizontal	O
and	O
vertical	O
lines	O
,	O
hatches	O
,	O
shades	O
,	O
triangles	O
,	O
circles	O
and	O
card	O
suits	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PETSCII	B-Protocol
also	O
has	O
a	O
"	O
shifted	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
text	O
mode	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
changes	O
the	O
uppercase	O
letters	O
at	O
$41$5A	O
to	O
lowercase	O
,	O
and	O
changes	O
the	O
graphics	O
at	O
$61$7A	O
to	O
uppercase	O
letters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upper	O
-	O
and	O
lower-case	O
are	O
swapped	O
from	O
where	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
has	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
shift	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
by	O
POKEing	B-Language
location	O
59468	O
with	O
the	O
value	O
14	O
to	O
select	O
the	O
alternative	O
set	O
or	O
12	O
to	O
revert	O
to	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
some	O
models	O
of	O
PET	B-Device
this	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
achieved	O
via	O
special	O
control	O
code	O
PRINT	O
CHR$( 14	O
)	O
which	O
adjust	O
the	O
line	O
spacing	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
changing	O
the	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
;	O
the	O
POKE	O
method	O
is	O
still	O
available	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
alter	O
the	O
line	O
spacing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Included	O
in	O
PETSCII	B-Protocol
are	O
cursor	B-Application
and	O
screen	O
control	O
codes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
{HOME},	O
{CLR},	O
{	O
RVS	O
ON}	O
,	O
and	O
{	O
RVS	O
OFF}	O
(	O
the	O
latter	O
two	O
activating/deactivating	O
reverse-video	O
character	O
display	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
control	O
codes	O
appeared	O
in	O
program	O
listings	O
as	O
reverse-video	O
graphic	O
characters	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
computer	O
magazines	O
,	O
in	O
their	O
efforts	O
to	O
provide	O
more	O
clearly	O
readable	O
listings	O
,	O
pretty-printed	B-Application
the	O
codes	O
using	O
their	O
actual	O
names	O
in	O
curly	O
braces	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
above	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
unambiguous	O
as	O
PETSCII	B-Protocol
has	O
no	O
curly	O
brace	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
colors	O
of	O
the	O
VIC-20	B-Device
and	O
C64/128	O
are	O
listed	O
in	O
the	O
VIC-II	O
article	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Characters	O
that	O
do	O
n't	O
match	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
have	O
their	O
Unicode	O
code	O
point	O
below	O
them	O
in	O
hex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
table	O
below	O
is	O
for	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
Commodore	B-Operating_System
16	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Commodore	B-Device
128	I-Device
(	O
control	O
characters	O
are	O
for	O
the	O
Commodor	O
128	O
in	O
80	O
column	O
mode	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
Commodore	O
machines	O
used	O
slightly	O
different	O
versions	O
of	O
PETSCII	B-Protocol
,	O
with	O
different	O
control	O
characters	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
different	O
graphic	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
on	O
CBM	O
machines	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
VIC-20	B-Device
,	O
characters	O
$2C	O
and	O
$6C	O
both	O
produced	O
a	O
comma	O
character	O
,	O
albeit	O
with	O
slightly	O
different	O
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
to	O
display	O
the	O
characters	O
"	O
@ABC	O
"	O
on	O
screen	O
by	O
directly	O
writing	O
into	O
the	O
screen	B-Algorithm
memory	I-Algorithm
,	O
one	O
would	O
POKE	O
the	O
decimal	O
values	O
0	O
,	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
,	O
and	O
3	O
rather	O
than	O
64	O
,	O
65	O
,	O
66	O
,	O
and	O
67	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
PETSCII	B-Protocol
codes	O
cannot	O
be	O
printed	O
and	O
are	O
only	O
used	O
for	O
keyboard	O
input	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Out	O
of	O
PETSCII	B-Protocol
's	O
first	O
192	O
codes	O
,	O
164	O
have	O
visible	O
representations	O
(	O
for	O
the	O
control	O
codes	O
,	O
these	O
are	O
visible	O
when	O
quoted	O
)	O
:	O
5	B-Application
(	O
white	O
)	O
,	O
17	O
–	O
20	O
and	O
28	O
–	O
31	O
(	O
colors	O
and	O
cursor	B-Application
controls	O
)	O
,	O
32	O
–	O
90	O
(	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
equivalent	O
)	O
,	O
91	O
–	O
127	O
(	O
graphics	O
)	O
,	O
129	O
(	O
orange	O
)	O
,	O
133	O
–	O
140	O
(	O
function	O
keys	O
)	O
,	O
144	O
–	O
159	O
(	O
colors	O
and	O
cursor	B-Application
controls	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
160	O
–	O
192	O
(	O
graphics	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
permits	O
"	O
base128	O
"	O
-style	O
encodings	O
in	O
DATA	O
statements	O
,	O
or	O
perhaps	O
between	O
PETSCII-speaking	O
machines	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
33	O
–	O
127	O
,	O
160	O
–	O
192	O
.	O
</s>
