<s>
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene )	O
polystyrene	O
sulfonate	O
(	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
a	O
polymer	B-Language
mixture	O
of	O
two	O
ionomers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
component	O
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene )	O
(	O
PEDOT	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
a	O
conjugated	O
polymer	B-Language
and	O
carries	O
positive	O
charges	O
and	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
polythiophene	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
prepared	O
by	O
mixing	O
an	O
aqueous	O
solution	O
of	O
PSS	O
with	O
EDOT	O
monomer	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
the	O
resulting	O
mixture	O
,	O
a	O
solution	O
of	O
sodium	O
persulfate	O
and	O
ferric	O
sulfate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
has	O
the	O
highest	O
efficiency	O
among	O
conductive	O
organic	O
thermoelectric	O
materials	O
(	O
ZT	O
~	O
0.42	O
)	O
and	O
thus	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
flexible	O
and	O
biodegradable	O
thermoelectric	O
generators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yet	O
its	O
largest	O
application	O
is	O
as	O
a	O
transparent	O
,	O
conductive	B-Algorithm
polymer	I-Algorithm
with	O
high	O
ductility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
AGFA	O
coats	O
200	O
million	O
photographic	O
films	O
per	O
year	O
with	O
a	O
thin	O
,	O
extensively-stretched	O
layer	O
of	O
virtually	O
transparent	O
and	O
colorless	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
as	O
an	O
antistatic	O
agent	O
to	O
prevent	O
electrostatic	O
discharges	O
during	O
production	O
and	O
normal	O
film	O
use	O
,	O
independent	O
of	O
humidity	O
conditions	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
electrolyte	O
in	O
polymer	B-Language
electrolytic	O
capacitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
it	O
also	O
suitable	O
as	O
a	O
transparent	O
electrode	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
in	O
touchscreens	B-Device
,	O
organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
diodes	I-Device
,	O
flexible	O
organic	O
solar	O
cells	O
and	O
electronic	O
paper	O
to	O
replace	O
the	O
traditionally	O
used	O
indium	O
tin	O
oxide	O
(	O
ITO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
conductivity	O
of	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
significantly	O
improved	O
by	O
a	O
post-treatment	O
with	O
various	O
compounds	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
ethylene	O
glycol	O
,	O
dimethyl	O
sulfoxide	O
(	O
DMSO	O
)	O
,	O
salts	O
,	O
zwitterions	O
,	O
cosolvents	O
,	O
acids	O
,	O
alcohols	O
,	O
phenol	O
,	O
geminal	O
diols	O
and	O
amphiphilic	O
fluoro-compounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
conductivity	O
is	O
comparable	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
ITO	O
,	O
the	O
popular	O
transparent	O
electrode	O
material	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
can	O
triple	O
that	O
of	O
ITO	O
after	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
carbon	O
nanotubes	O
and	O
silver	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
is	O
embedded	O
into	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
and	O
used	O
for	O
flexible	O
organic	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
is	O
generally	O
applied	O
as	O
a	O
dispersion	O
of	O
gelled	O
particles	O
in	O
water	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Special	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
inks	B-Application
and	O
formulations	O
were	O
developed	O
for	O
different	O
coating	O
and	O
printing	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Water-based	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
inks	B-Application
are	O
mainly	O
used	O
in	O
slot	O
die	O
coating	O
,	O
flexography	O
,	O
rotogravure	O
and	O
inkjet	O
printing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
high	O
viscous	O
paste	O
and	O
slow	O
drying	O
is	O
required	O
like	O
in	O
screen-printing	O
processes	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
supplied	O
in	O
high	O
boiling	O
solvents	O
like	O
propanediol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dry	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
pellets	O
can	O
be	O
produced	O
with	O
a	O
freeze	O
drying	O
method	O
which	O
are	O
redispersable	O
in	O
water	O
and	O
different	O
solvents	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
ethanol	O
to	O
increase	O
drying	O
speed	O
during	O
printing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
to	O
overcome	O
degradation	O
to	O
ultraviolet	B-Application
light	O
and	O
high	O
temperature	O
or	O
humidity	O
conditions	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
UV-stabilizers	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
is	O
most	O
frequently	O
used	O
in	O
thin	O
film	O
architectures	O
,	O
several	O
methods	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
accurately	O
probe	O
its	O
mechanical	O
properties	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
water-supported	O
tensile	O
testing	O
,	O
four-point	O
bend	O
tests	O
to	O
measure	O
adhesive	O
and	O
cohesive	O
fracture	O
energy	O
,	O
buckling	O
tests	O
to	O
measure	O
modulus	O
,	O
and	O
bending	O
tests	O
on	O
PDMS	O
and	O
polyethylene	O
supports	O
to	O
probe	O
the	O
crack	O
onset	O
strain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
has	O
a	O
lower	O
electrical	O
mobility	O
than	O
silicon	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
incorporated	O
into	O
flexible	O
electronics	O
through	O
the	O
incorporation	O
of	O
stress-relief	O
structures	O
,	O
sufficiently	O
flexible	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
can	O
enable	O
lower	O
cost-processing	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
roll-to-roll	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
show	O
self-healing	O
properties	O
if	O
submerged	O
in	O
water	O
after	O
sustaining	O
mechanical	O
damage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
additives	O
that	O
improve	O
the	O
electrical	O
conductivity	O
have	O
varying	O
effects	O
on	O
self-healing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
attractive	O
for	O
conductive	O
textile	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
it	O
results	O
in	O
inferior	O
thermoelectric	O
properties	O
,	O
wet-spinning	O
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
result	O
in	O
high	O
conductivity	O
and	O
stiff	O
fibers	O
due	O
to	O
preferential	O
alignment	O
of	O
polymer	B-Language
chains	O
during	O
fiber	O
drawing	O
.	O
</s>
