<s>
Owl	B-Application
Scientific	I-Application
Computing	I-Application
is	O
a	O
software	O
system	O
for	O
scientific	O
and	O
engineering	O
computing	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Computer	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Cambridge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	B-License
MIT	I-License
License	I-License
and	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
from	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
library	O
is	O
mostly	O
designed	O
and	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
functional	O
programming	O
language	O
OCaml	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
unique	O
functional	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
OCaml	B-Language
offers	O
runtime	O
efficiency	O
,	O
flexible	O
module	O
system	O
,	O
static	O
type	O
checking	O
,	O
intelligent	O
garbage	O
collector	O
,	O
and	O
powerful	O
type	O
inference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Owl	O
inherits	O
these	O
features	O
directly	O
from	O
OCaml	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
serves	O
as	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
tool	O
for	O
computation	O
intensive	O
tasks	O
in	O
OCaml	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Owl	O
was	O
developed	O
when	O
Dr.	O
Liang	O
Wang	O
was	O
working	O
as	O
a	O
Post-Doc	O
in	O
the	O
OCaml	B-Language
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Back	O
then	O
the	O
libraries	O
for	O
numerical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
in	O
OCaml	B-Language
ecosystem	O
were	O
very	O
limited	O
and	O
the	O
tooling	O
was	O
fragmented	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
test	O
various	O
analytical	O
applications	O
,	O
many	O
numerical	O
functions	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
implemented	O
,	O
from	O
very	O
low	O
level	O
algebra	O
and	O
random	O
number	O
generators	O
to	O
the	O
high	O
level	O
stuff	O
like	O
algorithmic	B-Algorithm
differentiation	I-Algorithm
and	O
deep	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dr.	O
Liang	O
Wang	O
held	O
a	O
tutorial	O
at	O
the	O
CUFP	O
2017	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
data	O
science	O
in	O
OCaml	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
further	O
promote	O
OCaml	B-Language
and	O
functional	O
programming	O
in	O
data	O
science	O
,	O
Owl	O
provides	O
abundant	O
learning	O
materials	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
details	O
manual	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
algorithmic	B-Algorithm
differentiation	I-Algorithm
and	O
distributed	O
computing	O
have	O
been	O
included	O
as	O
integral	O
components	O
in	O
the	O
core	O
system	O
to	O
maximise	O
developers	O
 '	O
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
the	O
core	O
module	O
provide	O
foreign	O
function	O
interfaces	O
to	O
other	O
low	O
level	O
numerical	O
libraries	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
CBLAS	O
and	O
LAPACK	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
libraries	O
are	O
fully	O
interfaced	O
to	O
the	O
Linear	B-Language
Algebra	I-Language
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
part	O
contains	O
basic	O
mathematical	O
and	O
statistical	O
functions	O
,	O
linear	B-Language
algebra	I-Language
,	O
regression	O
,	O
optimisation	O
,	O
plotting	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
math	O
and	O
statistics	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
statistical	O
hypothesis	O
testing	O
and	O
Markov	B-General_Concept
chain	I-General_Concept
Monte	I-General_Concept
Carlo	I-General_Concept
are	O
also	O
included	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
core	O
functionality	O
,	O
Owl	O
provides	O
the	O
algorithmic	B-Algorithm
differentiation	I-Algorithm
(	O
or	O
automatic	B-Algorithm
differentiation	I-Algorithm
)	O
and	O
dynamic	O
computation	O
graph	O
modules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
highest	O
level	O
in	O
the	O
Owl	O
architecture	O
includes	O
modules	O
more	O
advanced	O
numerical	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
,	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
,	O
data	O
processing	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modules	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
category	O
,	O
especially	O
the	O
algorithmic	B-Algorithm
differentiation	I-Algorithm
,	O
make	O
the	O
code	O
at	O
this	O
level	O
quite	O
concise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
is	O
to	O
compose	O
two	O
subsystems	O
together	O
with	O
functors	B-Language
to	O
generate	O
the	O
parallel	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
module	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
numerical	O
subsystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
JavaScript	B-Language
and	O
unikernel	B-Operating_System
backends	O
,	O
integration	O
with	O
other	O
frameworks	O
such	O
as	O
TensorFlow	B-Language
and	O
PyTorch	B-Algorithm
,	O
utilising	O
GPU	B-Architecture
and	O
other	O
accelerator	O
frameworks	O
via	O
symbolic	O
graph	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Owl	O
project	O
is	O
research	O
oriented	O
,	O
and	O
supports	O
research	O
of	O
numerical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
in	O
multiple	O
related	O
topics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
factors	O
that	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
small	O
code	O
base	O
of	O
Owl	O
is	O
that	O
it	O
builds	O
advanced	O
analytical	O
functions	O
around	O
the	O
algorithmic	B-Algorithm
differentiation	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
idea	O
was	O
also	O
proves	O
to	O
be	O
popular	O
and	O
develops	O
into	O
the	O
paradigm	O
of	O
Differentiable	B-Application
programming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
,	O
the	O
computation	O
graph	O
also	O
bridges	O
Owl	O
application	O
and	O
hardware	O
accelerators	O
such	O
as	O
GPU	B-Architecture
and	O
TPU	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standards	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Open	B-Application
Neural	I-Application
Network	I-Application
Exchange	I-Application
and	O
Neural	B-General_Concept
Network	I-General_Concept
Exchange	I-General_Concept
Format	I-General_Concept
are	O
now	O
widely	O
supported	O
by	O
various	O
deep	O
learning	O
frameworks	O
such	O
as	O
TensorFlow	B-Language
and	O
PyTorch	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
later	O
MLOps	B-General_Concept
concepts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
talks	O
are	O
also	O
accepted	O
at	O
the	O
OCaml	B-Language
Workshop	O
of	O
the	O
International	O
Conference	O
on	O
Functional	O
Programming	O
2019	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
topics	O
of	O
numerical	O
ordinary	O
differential	O
equation	O
solving	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
executing	O
Owl	O
computation	O
on	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
internship	O
in	O
the	O
OCaml	B-Language
Labs	O
investigates	O
the	O
topic	O
of	O
image	B-Algorithm
segmentation	I-Algorithm
and	O
related	O
memory	O
optimisation	O
in	O
Owl	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
book	O
<<OCaml Scientific Computing>>	O
was	O
published	O
by	O
Springer	O
.	O
</s>
