<s>
In	O
signal	O
processing	O
,	O
control	O
theory	O
,	O
electronics	O
,	O
and	O
mathematics	O
,	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
a	O
signal	O
or	O
function	O
exceeding	O
its	O
target	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Undershoot	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
same	O
phenomenon	O
in	O
the	O
opposite	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
arises	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
step	B-Algorithm
response	I-Algorithm
of	O
bandlimited	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
low-pass	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
often	O
followed	O
by	O
ringing	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
at	O
times	O
conflated	O
with	O
the	O
latter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maximum	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
is	O
defined	O
in	O
Katsuhiko	O
Ogata	O
's	O
Discrete-time	O
control	O
systems	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
maximum	O
peak	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
response	O
curve	O
measured	O
from	O
the	O
desired	O
response	O
of	O
the	O
system.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
control	O
theory	O
,	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
refers	O
to	O
an	O
output	O
exceeding	O
its	O
final	O
,	O
steady-state	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
step	B-Algorithm
input	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
percentage	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
(	O
PO	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
maximum	O
value	O
minus	O
the	O
step	O
value	O
divided	O
by	O
the	O
step	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
unit	O
step	O
,	O
the	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
is	O
just	O
the	O
maximum	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
step	B-Algorithm
response	I-Algorithm
minus	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
see	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
in	O
an	O
electronics	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
electronics	O
,	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
refers	O
to	O
the	O
transitory	O
values	O
of	O
any	O
parameter	O
that	O
exceeds	O
its	O
final	O
(	O
steady	O
state	O
)	O
value	O
during	O
its	O
transition	O
from	O
one	O
value	O
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usage	O
:	O
Overshoot	B-Algorithm
occurs	O
when	O
the	O
transitory	O
values	O
exceed	O
final	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
they	O
are	O
lower	O
than	O
the	O
final	O
value	O
,	O
the	O
phenomenon	O
is	O
called	O
"	O
undershoot	B-Algorithm
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overshoot	B-Algorithm
represents	O
a	O
distortion	O
of	O
the	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
circuit	O
design	O
,	O
the	O
goals	O
of	O
minimizing	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
and	O
of	O
decreasing	O
circuit	O
rise	O
time	O
can	O
conflict	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magnitude	O
of	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
depends	O
on	O
time	O
through	O
a	O
phenomenon	O
called	O
"	O
damping.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
illustration	O
under	O
step	B-Algorithm
response	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overshoot	B-Algorithm
often	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
settling	B-Algorithm
time	I-Algorithm
,	O
how	O
long	O
it	O
takes	O
for	O
the	O
output	O
to	O
reach	O
steady	O
state	O
;	O
see	O
step	B-Algorithm
response	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
see	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
in	O
a	O
control	O
theory	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
approximation	O
of	O
functions	O
,	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
is	O
one	O
term	O
describing	O
quality	O
of	O
approximation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
function	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
square	O
wave	O
is	O
represented	O
by	O
a	O
summation	O
of	O
terms	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
Fourier	O
series	O
or	O
an	O
expansion	O
in	O
orthogonal	O
polynomials	O
,	O
the	O
approximation	O
of	O
the	O
function	O
by	O
a	O
truncated	O
number	O
of	O
terms	O
in	O
the	O
series	O
can	O
exhibit	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
,	O
undershoot	B-Algorithm
and	O
ringing	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
Fourier	B-Algorithm
transform	I-Algorithm
,	O
this	O
can	O
be	O
modeled	O
by	O
approximating	O
a	O
step	O
function	O
by	O
the	O
integral	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
certain	O
frequency	O
,	O
which	O
yields	O
the	O
sine	O
integral	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
interpreted	O
as	O
convolution	B-Language
with	O
the	O
sinc	B-Algorithm
function	I-Algorithm
;	O
in	O
signal	O
processing	O
terms	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
a	O
low-pass	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|The	O
sine	O
integral	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
step	B-Algorithm
response	I-Algorithm
of	O
an	O
ideal	O
low-pass	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|The	O
sinc	B-Algorithm
function	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
impulse	O
response	O
of	O
an	O
ideal	O
low-pass	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
signal	O
processing	O
,	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
is	O
when	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
a	O
filter	O
has	O
a	O
higher	O
maximum	O
value	O
than	O
the	O
input	O
,	O
specifically	O
for	O
the	O
step	B-Algorithm
response	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
frequently	O
yields	O
the	O
related	O
phenomenon	O
of	O
ringing	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
occurs	O
for	O
instance	O
in	O
using	O
the	O
sinc	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
as	O
an	O
ideal	O
(	O
brick-wall	O
)	O
low-pass	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
step	B-Algorithm
response	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
interpreted	O
as	O
the	O
convolution	B-Language
with	O
the	O
impulse	O
response	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
sinc	B-Algorithm
function	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
and	O
undershoot	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
understood	O
in	O
this	O
way	O
:	O
kernels	O
are	O
generally	O
normalized	O
to	O
have	O
integral	O
1	O
,	O
so	O
they	O
send	O
constant	O
functions	O
to	O
constant	O
functions	O
otherwise	O
they	O
have	O
gain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
value	O
of	O
a	O
convolution	B-Language
at	O
a	O
point	O
is	O
a	O
linear	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
input	O
signal	O
,	O
with	O
coefficients	O
(	O
weights	O
)	O
the	O
values	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
kernel	O
is	O
non-negative	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
for	O
a	O
Gaussian	O
kernel	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
filtered	O
signal	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
convex	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
input	O
values	O
(	O
the	O
coefficients	O
(	O
the	O
kernel	O
)	O
integrate	O
to	O
1	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
non-negative	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
thus	O
fall	O
between	O
the	O
minimum	O
and	O
maximum	O
of	O
the	O
input	O
signal	O
it	O
will	O
not	O
undershoot	B-Algorithm
or	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
the	O
kernel	O
assumes	O
negative	O
values	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
sinc	B-Algorithm
function	I-Algorithm
,	O
then	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
filtered	O
signal	O
will	O
instead	O
be	O
an	O
affine	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
input	O
values	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
fall	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
minimum	O
and	O
maximum	O
of	O
the	O
input	O
signal	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
undershoot	B-Algorithm
and	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overshoot	B-Algorithm
is	O
often	O
undesirable	O
,	O
particularly	O
if	O
it	O
causes	O
clipping	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
is	O
sometimes	O
desirable	O
in	O
image	O
sharpening	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
increasing	O
acutance	B-Algorithm
(	O
perceived	O
sharpness	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
closely	O
related	O
phenomenon	O
is	O
ringing	B-Algorithm
,	O
when	O
,	O
following	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
signal	O
then	O
falls	O
below''	O
its	O
steady-state	O
value	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
may	O
bounce	O
back	O
above	O
,	O
taking	O
some	O
time	O
to	O
settle	O
close	O
to	O
its	O
steady-state	O
value	O
;	O
this	O
latter	O
time	O
is	O
called	O
the	O
settle	B-Algorithm
time	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
ecology	O
,	O
overshoot	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
analogous	O
concept	O
,	O
where	O
a	O
population	O
exceeds	O
the	O
carrying	O
capacity	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
