<s>
The	O
following	O
outline	O
is	O
provided	O
as	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
and	O
topical	O
guide	O
to	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
application	O
of	O
a	O
systematic	O
,	O
disciplined	O
,	O
quantifiable	O
approach	O
to	O
the	O
development	B-General_Concept
,	O
operation	O
,	O
and	O
maintenance	O
of	O
software	O
;	O
that	O
is	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
engineering	O
to	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ACM	O
Computing	O
Classification	O
system	O
is	O
a	O
poly-hierarchical	O
ontology	O
that	O
organizes	O
the	O
topics	O
of	O
the	O
field	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
semantic	O
web	O
applications	B-Application
and	O
as	O
a	O
defacto	O
standard	O
classification	O
system	O
for	O
the	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
section	O
"	O
Software	O
and	O
its	O
Engineering	O
"	O
provides	O
an	O
outline	O
and	O
ontology	O
for	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
build	O
software	O
(	O
applications	B-Application
,	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
)	O
that	O
people	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	B-Application
influence	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
by	O
pressuring	O
developers	B-Application
to	O
solve	O
problems	O
in	O
new	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
consumer	O
software	O
emphasizes	O
low	O
cost	O
,	O
medical	B-Application
software	I-Application
emphasizes	O
high	O
quality	O
,	O
and	O
Internet	O
commerce	O
software	O
emphasizes	O
rapid	O
development	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
Both	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
and	O
traditional	O
engineers	O
write	O
software	O
control	O
systems	O
for	O
embedded	B-Architecture
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engineers	O
use	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
,	O
more	O
than	O
they	O
ever	O
used	O
calculators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
projects	O
resemble	O
software	O
in	O
many	O
respects	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
work	O
exists	O
as	O
electronic	B-Protocol
documents	I-Protocol
and	O
goes	O
through	O
analysis	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
implementation	O
,	O
and	O
testing	O
phases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
tools	O
for	O
engineers	O
use	O
the	O
tenets	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
;	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
tenets	O
of	O
calculus	O
,	O
physics	O
,	O
and	O
chemistry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simulation	B-Application
,	O
supports	O
almost	O
every	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engineering	O
,	O
A	O
software	O
simulation	B-Application
can	O
be	O
cheaper	O
to	O
build	O
and	O
more	O
flexible	O
to	O
change	O
than	O
a	O
physical	O
engineering	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
platform	O
combines	O
computer	O
hardware	O
and	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
platforms	O
grow	O
more	O
powerful	O
and	O
less	O
costly	O
,	O
applications	B-Application
and	O
tools	O
grow	O
more	O
widely	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Skilled	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
know	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
including	O
what	O
is	O
possible	O
and	O
impossible	O
,	O
and	O
what	O
is	O
easy	O
and	O
hard	O
for	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
,	O
well-defined	O
methods	O
for	O
storing	O
and	O
retrieving	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discrete	O
mathematics	O
is	O
a	O
key	O
foundation	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
rarely	O
make	B-Application
all	O
of	O
these	O
deliverables	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
usually	O
cooperate	O
with	O
the	O
writers	O
,	O
trainers	O
,	O
installers	B-Operating_System
,	O
marketers	O
,	O
technical	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
people	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
who	O
make	B-Application
many	O
of	O
these	O
deliverables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	B-General_Concept
info	O
for	O
computer	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
people	O
made	O
important	O
contributions	O
to	O
SE	O
technologies	O
,	O
practices	O
,	O
or	O
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kent	O
Beck	O
:	O
Refactoring	O
,	O
extreme	O
programming	B-General_Concept
,	O
pair	O
programming	B-General_Concept
,	O
test-driven	O
development	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Barry	O
Boehm	O
:	O
SE	B-General_Concept
economics	I-General_Concept
,	O
COCOMO	O
,	O
Spiral	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grady	O
Booch	O
:	O
Object-oriented	B-Language
design	O
,	O
UML	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fred	O
Brooks	O
:	O
Managed	O
System	B-Application
360	I-Application
and	O
OS	B-Application
360	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edsger	O
Dijkstra	O
:	O
Wrote	O
Notes	O
on	O
Structured	B-Language
Programming	I-Language
,	O
A	O
Discipline	O
of	O
Programming	B-General_Concept
and	O
Go	B-Language
To	O
Statement	O
Considered	O
Harmful	O
,	O
algorithms	O
,	O
formal	B-Architecture
methods	I-Architecture
,	O
pedagogy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grace	O
Hopper	O
:	O
The	O
first	O
compiler	B-Language
(	O
Mark	O
1	O
)	O
,	O
COBOL	B-Application
,	O
Nanoseconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watts	O
Humphrey	O
:	O
Capability	O
Maturity	O
Model	O
,	O
Personal	O
Software	O
Process	O
,	O
fellow	O
of	O
the	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Institute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bill	O
Joy	O
:	O
Berkeley	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
vi	B-Application
,	O
Java	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brian	O
Kernighan	O
:	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bertrand	O
Meyer	O
:	O
Design	B-Application
by	I-Application
Contract	I-Application
,	O
Eiffel	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dennis	O
Ritchie	O
:	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mary	O
Shaw	O
:	O
Software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
:	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	O
,	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
/	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
development	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Will	O
Tracz	O
:	O
Reuse	O
,	O
ACM	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Notes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gerald	O
Weinberg	O
:	O
Wrote	O
The	O
Psychology	O
of	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Programming	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jeannette	O
Wing	O
:	O
Formal	B-Application
specifications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ed	O
Yourdon	O
:	O
Structured	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
wrote	O
The	B-Application
Decline	I-Application
and	I-Application
Fall	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
American	I-Application
Programmer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Written	O
for	O
the	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Institute	O
,	O
emphasizing	O
management	O
and	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cathedral	O
and	O
the	O
Bazaar	O
by	O
Eric	O
Raymond	O
about	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
development	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Decline	I-Application
and	I-Application
Fall	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
American	I-Application
Programmer	I-Application
by	O
Ed	O
Yourdon	O
predicts	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
software	O
development	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
Object-oriented	B-Language
Analysis	O
and	O
Design	O
by	O
Grady	O
Booch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Principles	O
of	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Management	O
by	O
Tom	O
Gilb	O
about	O
evolutionary	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Psychology	O
of	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Programming	I-General_Concept
by	O
Gerald	O
Weinberg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Pragmatic	O
Programmer	B-Application
:	O
from	O
journeyman	O
to	O
master	O
by	O
Andrew	O
Hunt	O
,	O
and	O
David	O
Thomas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Important	O
publications	O
in	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
in	O
CS	B-Language
.	O
</s>
