<s>
Computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
(	O
also	O
called	O
computing	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
theoretical	O
foundations	O
of	O
information	O
and	O
computation	O
and	O
their	O
implementation	O
and	O
application	O
in	O
computer	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
well	O
known	O
subject	O
classification	O
system	O
for	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
ACM	O
Computing	O
Classification	O
System	O
devised	O
by	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
described	O
as	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Coding	B-Error_Name
theory	I-Error_Name
–	O
Useful	O
in	O
networking	B-Architecture
,	O
programming	O
,	O
system	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
areas	O
where	O
computers	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Game	O
theory	O
–	O
Useful	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
cybernetics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graph	O
theory	O
–	O
Foundations	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
and	O
searching	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Used	O
in	O
cryptography	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
test	O
domain	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
–	O
The	O
organization	O
and	O
manipulation	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
–	O
The	O
implementation	O
and	O
study	O
of	O
systems	O
that	O
exhibit	O
an	O
autonomous	O
intelligence	O
or	O
behavior	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automated	O
reasoning	O
–	O
Solving	O
engines	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
used	O
in	O
Prolog	B-Language
,	O
which	O
produce	O
steps	O
to	O
a	O
result	O
given	O
a	O
query	B-Library
on	O
a	O
fact	O
and	O
rule	O
database	B-Application
,	O
and	O
automated	B-Application
theorem	I-Application
provers	I-Application
that	O
aim	O
to	O
prove	O
mathematical	O
theorems	O
with	O
some	O
assistance	O
from	O
a	O
programmer	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
–	O
Algorithms	O
for	O
identifying	O
three-dimensional	O
objects	O
from	O
a	O
two-dimensional	O
picture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soft	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
inexact	O
solutions	O
for	O
otherwise	O
extremely	O
difficult	O
problems	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
-	O
Building	O
systems	O
and	O
algorithms	O
that	O
analyze	O
,	O
understand	O
,	O
and	O
generate	O
natural	O
(	O
human	O
)	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Networking	B-Architecture
–	O
Algorithms	O
and	O
protocols	O
for	O
reliably	O
communicating	O
data	O
across	O
different	O
shared	O
or	O
dedicated	O
media	O
,	O
often	O
including	O
error	B-Error_Name
correction	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
security	O
–	O
Practical	O
aspects	O
of	O
securing	O
computer	O
systems	O
and	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cryptography	O
–	O
Applies	O
results	O
from	O
complexity	O
,	O
probability	O
,	O
algebra	O
and	O
number	O
theory	O
to	O
invent	O
and	O
break	O
codes	O
,	O
and	O
analyze	O
the	O
security	O
of	O
cryptographic	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
–	O
The	O
design	O
,	O
organization	O
,	O
optimization	O
and	O
verification	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
,	O
mostly	O
about	O
CPUs	B-Device
and	O
Memory	B-General_Concept
subsystem	O
(	O
and	O
the	O
bus	O
connecting	O
them	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
–	O
Systems	O
for	O
managing	O
computer	O
programs	O
and	O
providing	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
a	O
usable	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
–	O
Determining	O
information	O
from	O
an	O
image	O
through	O
computation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
–	O
Methods	O
for	O
representing	O
and	O
displaying	O
abstract	O
data	O
to	O
facilitate	O
human	O
interaction	O
for	O
exploration	O
and	O
understanding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
-	O
The	O
theory	O
and	O
practice	O
of	O
simultaneous	O
computation	O
;	O
data	O
safety	O
in	O
any	O
multitasking	O
or	O
multithreaded	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concurrency	B-Operating_System
(	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
)	O
–	O
Computing	O
using	O
multiple	O
concurrent	B-Operating_System
threads	O
of	O
execution	O
,	O
devising	O
algorithms	O
for	O
solving	O
problems	O
on	O
multiple	O
processors	O
to	O
achieve	O
maximal	O
speed-up	O
compared	O
to	O
sequential	O
execution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
–	O
Computing	O
using	O
multiple	O
computing	O
devices	O
over	O
a	O
network	O
to	O
accomplish	O
a	O
common	O
objective	O
or	O
task	O
and	O
thereby	O
reducing	O
the	O
latency	O
involved	O
in	O
single	O
processor	O
contributions	O
for	O
any	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
–	O
the	O
set	O
theoretic	O
and	O
algorithmic	O
foundation	O
of	O
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Structured	B-General_Concept
Storage	I-General_Concept
-	O
non-relational	B-General_Concept
databases	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
NoSQL	B-General_Concept
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
–	O
Study	O
of	O
algorithms	O
for	O
searching	O
and	O
processing	O
information	O
in	O
documents	O
and	O
databases	B-Application
;	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compiler	B-Language
theory	O
–	O
Theory	O
of	O
compiler	B-Language
design	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
Automata	B-Application
theory	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
programming	O
paradigms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Formal	B-Application
semantics	I-Application
–	O
rigorous	O
mathematical	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
meaning	O
of	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computational	O
science	O
constructing	O
mathematical	O
models	O
and	O
quantitative	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
and	O
using	O
computers	O
to	O
analyze	O
and	O
solve	O
scientific	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerical	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
–	O
Approximate	O
numerical	B-General_Concept
solution	I-General_Concept
of	O
mathematical	O
problems	O
such	O
as	O
root-finding	O
,	O
integration	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
solution	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
ordinary	I-Algorithm
differential	I-Algorithm
equations	I-Algorithm
;	O
the	O
approximation	O
of	O
special	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolic	B-Algorithm
computation	I-Algorithm
–	O
Manipulation	O
and	O
solution	O
of	O
expressions	O
in	O
symbolic	O
form	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Computer	B-Algorithm
algebra	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinformatics	O
and	O
Computational	O
biology	O
–	O
The	O
use	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
to	O
maintain	O
,	O
analyse	O
,	O
store	O
biological	O
data	O
and	O
to	O
assist	O
in	O
solving	O
biological	O
problems	O
such	O
as	O
Protein	O
folding	O
,	O
function	O
prediction	O
and	O
Phylogeny	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Formal	B-Architecture
methods	I-Architecture
–	O
Mathematical	O
approaches	O
for	O
describing	O
and	O
reasoning	O
about	O
software	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
–	O
The	O
principles	O
and	O
practice	O
of	O
designing	O
,	O
developing	O
,	O
and	O
testing	O
programs	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
proper	O
engineering	O
practices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
–	O
The	O
practice	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
programming	O
language	O
to	O
implement	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automata	B-Application
theory	I-Application
–	O
Different	O
logical	O
structures	O
for	O
solving	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quantum	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
theory	O
–	O
Explores	O
computational	O
models	O
involving	O
quantum	O
superposition	O
of	O
bits	O
.	O
</s>
