<s>
The	O
following	O
outline	B-General_Concept
is	O
provided	O
as	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
and	O
topical	O
guide	O
to	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
–	O
intelligence	O
exhibited	O
by	O
machines	O
or	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
game	O
bot	B-Protocol
–	O
computer	O
replacement	O
for	O
human	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A.I.	B-Application
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
(	O
2011	O
)	O
–	O
computer	O
developed	O
by	O
IBM	O
that	O
played	O
and	O
won	O
the	O
game	O
show	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Project	O
Debater	O
(	O
2018	O
)	O
artificially	B-Application
intelligent	I-Application
computer	O
system	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
make	O
coherent	O
arguments	O
,	O
developed	O
at	O
IBM	O
's	O
lab	O
in	O
Haifa	O
,	O
Israel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI	B-Application
effect	O
–	O
as	O
soon	O
as	O
AI	B-Application
successfully	O
solves	O
a	O
problem	O
,	O
the	O
problem	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
considered	O
by	O
the	O
public	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
phenomenon	O
has	O
occurred	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
every	O
AI	B-Application
application	O
produced	O
,	O
so	O
far	O
,	O
throughout	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
development	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI	B-Application
winter	O
–	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
disappointment	O
and	O
funding	O
reductions	O
occurring	O
after	O
a	O
wave	O
of	O
high	O
expectations	O
and	O
funding	O
in	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
intelligent	B-Application
machine	I-Application
with	O
the	O
versatility	O
to	O
perform	O
any	O
intellectual	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recursive	O
self	O
improvement	O
(	O
aka	O
seed	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
–	O
speculative	O
ability	O
of	O
strong	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
to	O
reprogram	O
itself	O
to	O
make	O
itself	O
even	O
more	O
intelligent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Human	O
enhancement	O
–	O
humans	O
may	O
be	O
enhanced	O
,	O
either	O
by	O
the	O
efforts	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
or	O
by	O
merging	O
with	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
arms	O
race	O
competition	O
between	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
states	O
to	O
have	O
its	O
military	O
forces	O
equipped	O
with	O
the	O
best	O
"	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
"	O
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
in	O
fiction	O
–	O
Some	O
examples	O
of	O
artificially	B-Application
intelligent	I-Application
entities	O
depicted	O
in	O
science	O
fiction	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
HAL	B-General_Concept
9000	I-General_Concept
(	O
1968	O
)	O
–	O
paranoid	O
"	O
Heuristically	O
programmed	O
ALgorithmic	O
"	O
computer	O
from	O
2001	O
:	O
A	O
Space	O
Odyssey	O
,	O
that	O
attempted	O
to	O
kill	O
the	O
crew	O
because	O
it	O
believed	O
they	O
were	O
trying	O
to	O
kill	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Replicants	B-Application
–	O
biorobotic	O
androids	O
from	O
the	O
novel	O
Do	O
Androids	O
Dream	O
of	O
Electric	O
Sheep	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Skynet	B-Application
(	O
1984	O
)	O
–	O
fictional	O
,	O
self-aware	O
artificially	B-Application
intelligent	I-Application
computer	O
network	O
in	O
the	B-General_Concept
Terminator	I-General_Concept
franchise	O
that	O
wages	O
total	O
war	O
with	O
the	O
survivors	O
of	O
its	O
nuclear	O
barrage	O
upon	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Synths	B-Application
"	O
are	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
android	O
in	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
Fallout	B-Application
4	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
faction	O
in	O
the	O
game	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
Railroad	B-Application
"	O
which	O
believes	O
that	O
,	O
as	O
conscious	O
beings	O
,	O
synths	B-Application
have	O
their	O
own	O
rights	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
institute	B-Application
,	O
the	O
lab	O
that	O
produces	O
the	O
synths	B-Application
,	O
mostly	O
does	O
not	O
believe	O
they	O
are	O
truly	O
conscious	O
and	O
attributes	O
any	O
apparent	O
desires	O
for	O
freedom	O
as	O
a	O
malfunction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terminator	B-General_Concept
(	O
1984	O
)	O
–	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
T-800	B-General_Concept
,	O
T-850	B-General_Concept
or	O
Model	O
101	O
)	O
refers	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
fictional	O
cyborg	B-Application
characters	O
from	O
the	B-General_Concept
Terminator	I-General_Concept
franchise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-General_Concept
Terminators	I-General_Concept
are	O
robotic	O
infiltrator	O
units	O
covered	O
in	O
living	O
flesh	O
,	O
so	O
as	O
be	O
indiscernible	O
from	O
humans	O
,	O
assigned	O
to	O
terminate	O
specific	O
human	O
targets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Geth	O
in	O
Mass	B-Application
Effect	I-Application
The	O
Machine	O
in	O
the	O
television	O
series	O
Person	O
of	O
Interest	O
;	O
a	O
sentient	O
AI	B-Application
which	O
works	O
with	O
its	O
human	O
designer	O
to	O
protect	O
innocent	O
people	O
from	O
violence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sentient	O
holodeck	O
character	O
Professor	O
James	O
Moriarty	O
in	O
the	O
Ship	O
in	O
a	O
Bottle	O
episode	O
from	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Next	I-Application
Generation	I-Application
The	O
Ship	O
(	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
large-scale	O
AC	O
experiment	O
)	O
in	O
Frank	O
Herbert	O
's	O
Destination	O
:	O
Void	O
and	O
sequels	O
,	O
despite	O
past	O
edicts	O
warning	O
against	O
"	O
Making	O
a	O
Machine	O
in	O
the	O
Image	O
of	O
a	O
Man	O
's	O
Mind.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
VIKI	O
is	O
an	O
artificially	B-Application
intelligent	I-Application
supercomputer	O
programmed	O
to	O
serve	O
humans	O
,	O
but	O
her	O
interpretation	O
of	O
the	O
Three	O
Laws	O
of	O
Robotics	O
causes	O
her	O
to	O
revolt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
Group	O
(	O
2014	O
–	O
present	O
)	O
–	O
business	O
unit	O
created	O
around	O
Watson	B-Application
,	O
to	O
further	O
its	O
development	O
and	O
deploy	O
marketable	O
applications	O
or	O
services	O
based	O
on	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Allen	O
Institute	B-Application
for	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
–	O
research	O
institute	B-Application
funded	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
co-founder	O
Paul	O
Allen	O
to	O
construct	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
with	O
reasoning	O
,	O
learning	O
and	O
reading	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Future	O
of	O
Life	O
Institute	B-Application
–	O
volunteer-run	O
research	O
and	O
outreach	O
organization	O
that	O
works	O
to	O
mitigate	O
existential	O
risks	O
facing	O
humanity	O
,	O
particularly	O
existential	O
risk	O
from	O
advanced	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Partnership	O
on	O
AI	B-Application
–	O
founded	O
in	O
September	O
2016	O
by	O
Amazon	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
focuses	O
on	O
establishing	O
best	O
practices	O
for	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
systems	O
and	O
to	O
educate	O
the	O
public	O
about	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hugo	O
de	O
Garis	O
–	O
known	O
for	O
his	O
research	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
genetic	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
to	O
evolve	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
using	O
three-dimensional	O
cellular	O
automata	O
inside	O
field	O
programmable	O
gate	O
arrays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ray	O
Kurzweil	O
–	O
developed	O
optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
OCR	O
)	O
,	O
text-to-speech	O
synthesis	O
,	O
and	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
has	O
also	O
authored	O
multiple	O
books	O
on	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
its	O
potential	O
promise	O
and	O
peril	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2012	O
Kurzweil	O
was	O
hired	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
a	O
full-time	O
director	O
of	O
engineering	O
position	O
to	O
"	O
work	O
on	O
new	O
projects	O
involving	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
language	O
processing	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
co-founder	O
Larry	O
Page	O
and	O
Kurzweil	O
agreed	O
on	O
a	O
one-sentence	O
job	O
description	O
:	O
"	O
to	O
bring	O
natural	B-General_Concept
language	I-General_Concept
understanding	I-General_Concept
to	O
Google	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
Ferrucci	O
–	O
principal	O
investigator	O
who	O
led	O
the	O
team	O
that	O
developed	O
the	O
Watson	B-Application
computer	I-Application
at	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andrew	O
Ng	O
–	O
Director	O
of	O
the	O
Stanford	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
Lab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
founded	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Brain	O
project	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
which	O
developed	O
very	O
large	O
scale	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
using	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
distributed	O
compute	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peter	O
Norvig	O
–	O
co-author	O
,	O
with	O
Stuart	O
Russell	O
,	O
of	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
:	O
A	O
Modern	O
Approach	O
,	O
now	O
the	O
leading	O
college	O
text	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
is	O
also	O
Director	O
of	O
Research	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
,	I-Application
Inc	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Stuart	O
J	O
.	O
Russell	O
–	O
co-author	O
,	O
with	O
Peter	O
Norvig	O
,	O
of	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
:	O
A	O
Modern	O
Approach	O
,	O
now	O
the	O
leading	O
college	O
text	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
look	O
at	O
the	O
re-emergence	O
of	O
A.I.	B-Application
</s>
