<s>
In	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interaction	O
,	O
an	O
organic	B-Device
user	I-Device
interface	I-Device
(	O
OUI	O
)	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
with	O
a	O
non-flat	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Engelbart	O
and	O
Sutherland	O
's	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Kay	O
and	O
Weiser	O
's	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
flat	O
panel	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
,	O
OUI	O
represents	O
one	O
possible	O
third	O
wave	O
of	O
display	O
interaction	O
paradigms	O
,	O
pertaining	O
to	O
multi-shaped	O
and	O
flexible	B-Application
displays	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
inputs	O
are	O
provided	O
through	O
direct	O
physical	O
gestures	B-General_Concept
,	O
rather	O
than	O
through	O
indirect	O
point-and-click	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organic	B-Device
user	I-Device
interfaces	I-Device
were	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
a	O
special	O
issue	O
of	O
the	O
Communications	O
of	O
the	O
ACM	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
International	O
Workshop	O
on	O
Organic	B-Device
User	I-Device
Interfaces	I-Device
took	O
place	O
at	O
CHI	O
2009	O
in	O
Boston	O
,	O
Massachusetts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Vertegaal	O
and	O
Poupyrev	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
three	O
general	O
types	O
of	O
organic	B-Device
user	I-Device
interface	I-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
Flexible	O
(	O
or	O
deformable	O
)	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
:	O
When	O
flexible	B-Application
displays	I-Application
are	O
deployed	O
,	O
shape	O
deformation	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
through	O
bends	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
key	O
form	O
of	O
input	O
for	O
OUI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flexible	B-Application
display	I-Application
technologies	O
include	O
flexible	B-Algorithm
OLED	I-Algorithm
(	O
FOLED	B-Algorithm
)	O
and	O
flexible	O
E	O
Ink	O
,	O
or	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
through	O
3D	O
active	B-General_Concept
projection	I-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shaped	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
:	O
Displays	O
with	O
a	O
static	O
non-flat	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actuated	O
(	O
or	O
kinetic	O
)	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
:	O
Displays	O
with	O
a	O
programmable	O
shape	O
controlled	O
by	O
a	O
computer	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
extreme	O
example	O
is	O
that	O
of	O
Claytronics	O
:	O
fully	O
physical	O
3D	O
voxels	B-Algorithm
that	O
dynamically	O
constitute	O
physical	O
3D	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Input	O
equals	O
output	O
:	O
In	O
traditional	O
GUIs	B-Application
,	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
are	O
physically	O
separated	O
:	O
Output	O
is	O
generated	O
graphically	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
input	O
provided	O
by	O
a	O
control	O
device	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
mouse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
"	O
clamshell	O
"	O
phone	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
physical	O
metaphor	O
of	O
altering	O
the	O
phone	O
's	O
shape	O
(	O
by	O
opening	O
it	O
)	O
alters	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
to	O
open	O
communications	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
examples	O
of	O
OUIs	O
include	O
Gummi	O
,	O
a	O
rigid	O
prototype	O
of	O
a	O
flexible	O
credit	O
card	O
display	O
,	O
PaperWindows	B-Device
,	O
featuring	O
active	O
projection-mapped	O
pieces	O
of	O
paper	O
,	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Sphere	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
spherical	O
multitouch	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
DisplayObjects	O
(	O
rigid	O
objects	O
with	O
displays	O
wrapped	O
around	O
them	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PaperPhone	B-Device
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
OUIs	O
to	O
introduce	O
bend	O
gestures	B-General_Concept
on	O
a	O
real	O
flexible	B-Application
screen	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nokia	O
Kinetic	O
,	O
a	O
flexible	B-Application
smartphone	I-Application
that	O
allows	O
input	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
bend	O
,	O
twist	O
and	O
squeeze	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Samsung	O
Youm	O
,	O
are	O
early	O
commercial	O
prototypes	O
of	O
OUIs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
OUIs	O
differ	O
from	O
a	O
natural	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
NUI	O
)	O
in	O
that	O
NUIs	O
are	O
limited	O
to	O
touch	O
or	O
remote	O
gestural	O
interactions	O
with	O
a	O
flat	O
display	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
note	O
that	O
OUI	O
is	O
a	O
successor	O
to	O
and	O
form	O
of	O
tangible	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
that	O
always	O
features	O
a	O
bitmapped	O
display	O
skin	O
around	O
its	O
multi-shaped	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
note	O
that	O
all	O
OUIs	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
haptic	B-Device
technologies	I-Device
,	O
as	O
their	O
physical	O
shapes	O
,	O
like	O
real	O
objects	O
,	O
provide	O
passive	O
tactile-kinaesthetic	O
feedback	O
even	O
in	O
non-actuated	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
