<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
database	O
computing	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
Services	I-Application
consists	O
of	O
sets	O
of	O
software	B-Application
which	O
enable	O
client	B-Protocol
applications	I-Protocol
to	O
establish	O
and	O
maintain	O
network	B-Architecture
sessions	O
with	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
databases	I-General_Concept
operate	O
in	O
and	O
across	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
software	B-Application
and	O
hardware	B-Architecture
environments	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
supplies	O
high-level	O
transparent	B-Protocol
networking	I-Protocol
facilities	O
with	O
the	O
intention	O
of	O
providing	O
networking	O
functionality	O
regardless	O
of	O
differences	O
in	O
nodes	O
and	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
defines	O
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
Services	I-Application
as	O
comprising	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
,	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
proprietary	O
networking	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
,	O
runs	O
both	O
on	O
client	B-Protocol
devices	O
and	O
on	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
servers	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
set	O
up	O
and	O
maintain	O
connections	O
and	O
messaging	B-Protocol
between	O
client	B-Protocol
applications	I-Protocol
and	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
(	O
formerly	O
called	O
"	O
SQL*Net	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
Net8	O
"	O
)	O
comprises	O
two	O
software	B-Application
components	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
Foundation	O
Layer	O
:	O
makes	O
and	O
maintains	O
connection	B-General_Concept
sessions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
Foundation	O
Layer	O
establishes	O
and	O
also	O
maintains	O
the	O
connection	B-General_Concept
between	O
the	O
client	B-Protocol
application	I-Protocol
and	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
must	O
reside	O
on	O
both	O
the	O
client	B-Protocol
and	O
server	B-Application
for	O
peer-to-peer	O
communication	O
to	O
occur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
Protocol	O
Support	O
:	O
interfaces	O
with	O
underlying	O
networking	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
named	B-Operating_System
pipes	I-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
Sockets	B-Protocol
Direct	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
SDP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
listener	O
process(es )	O
on	O
a	O
server	B-Application
detect	O
incoming	O
requests	O
from	O
clients	O
for	O
connection	B-General_Concept
-	O
by	O
default	O
on	O
port	O
1521	O
-	O
and	O
manage	O
network-traffic	O
once	O
clients	O
have	O
connected	O
to	O
an	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
pre-defined	O
and	O
known	O
statically-registered	O
databases	O
,	O
a	O
listener	O
can	O
also	O
accept	O
dynamic	O
service	O
registration	B-General_Concept
from	O
a	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Oracle	B-Application
Connection	B-General_Concept
Manager	O
(	O
CMAN	O
)	O
acts	O
as	O
a	O
lightweight	O
router	B-Protocol
for	O
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
packets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
Manager	O
,	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
tool	O
,	O
configures	O
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
Services	I-Application
for	O
an	O
Oracle	B-Application
home	O
on	O
a	O
local	O
client	B-Protocol
or	O
server	B-Application
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Prior	O
to	O
Oracle	B-Application
9i	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
Net8	O
Assistant	O
"	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
tnsping	O
:	O
determines	O
the	O
accessibility	O
of	O
an	O
Oracle	B-Application
net	I-Application
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
software	B-Application
integrating	O
closely	O
with	O
and/or	O
depending	O
on	O
Oracle	B-Application
Net	I-Application
Services	I-Application
includes	O
:	O
</s>
