<s>
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
(	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
DBMS	I-General_Concept
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
Autonomous	O
Database	O
,	O
or	O
simply	O
as	O
Oracle	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
multi-model	B-Operating_System
database	I-Operating_System
management	O
system	O
produced	O
and	O
marketed	O
by	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
database	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
running	O
online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
(	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
data	O
warehousing	O
(	O
DW	O
)	O
and	O
mixed	O
(	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
&	O
DW	O
)	O
database	O
workloads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
is	O
available	O
by	O
several	O
service	O
providers	O
on-prem	B-General_Concept
,	O
on-cloud	B-Architecture
,	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
hybrid	O
cloud	O
installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
may	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
third	O
party	O
servers	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
on	O
Oracle	B-Application
hardware	O
(	O
Exadata	B-Device
on-prem	B-General_Concept
,	O
on	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
or	O
at	O
Cloud	O
at	O
Customer	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SDL	O
developed	O
the	O
original	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Oracle	B-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
Oracle	B-Application
comes	O
from	O
the	O
code-name	O
of	O
a	O
CIA-funded	O
project	O
Ellison	O
had	O
worked	O
on	O
while	O
formerly	O
employed	O
by	O
Ampex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
products	O
follow	O
a	O
custom	O
release-numbering	O
and	O
-naming	O
convention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
c	B-Language
"	O
in	O
the	O
current	O
release	O
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
21c	O
,	O
stands	O
for	O
"	O
Cloud	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
10g	O
and	O
Oracle9i	B-General_Concept
Database	O
)	O
have	O
used	O
suffixes	O
of	O
"	O
g	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
i	O
"	O
which	O
stand	O
for	O
"	O
Grid	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Internet	O
"	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Oracle8i	B-General_Concept
Database	O
,	O
no	O
suffixes	O
featured	O
in	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
naming	O
conventions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
v1	O
of	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
co-founder	O
Larry	O
Ellison	O
"	O
knew	O
no	O
one	O
would	O
want	O
to	O
buy	O
version	O
1	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
release	O
numbering	O
has	O
used	O
the	O
following	O
codes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
2017	O
(	O
on-prem	B-General_Concept
)	O
12.2.0.1	O
March	O
2017	O
Native	O
Sharding	O
,	O
Zero	O
Data	O
Loss	O
Recovery	O
Appliance	O
,	O
Exadata	B-Device
Cloud	B-Architecture
Service	I-Architecture
,	O
Cloud	O
at	O
Customer	O
12.1.0.1	O
July	O
2013	O
12.1.0.2	O
July	O
2014	O
Multitenant	O
architecture	O
,	O
In-Memory	O
Column	B-General_Concept
Store	I-General_Concept
,	O
Native	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
,	O
SQL	O
Pattern	O
Matching	O
,	O
Database	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Service	I-Architecture
11.2.0.1	O
September	O
2009	O
11.2.0.4	O
August	O
2013	O
Edition-Based	O
Redefinition	O
,	O
Data	O
Redaction	O
,	O
Hybrid	O
Columnar	O
Compression	O
,	O
Cluster	O
File	O
System	O
,	O
Golden	O
Gate	O
Replication	O
,	O
Database	B-Application
Appliance	I-Application
11.1.0.6	O
September	O
2007	O
11.1.0.7	O
September	O
2008	O
Active	O
Data	O
Guard	O
,	O
Secure	O
Files	O
,	O
Exadata	B-Device
10.2.0.1	O
July	O
2005	O
10.2.0.5	O
April	O
2010	O
Real	O
Application	O
Testing	O
,	O
Database	O
Vault	O
,	O
Online	O
Indexing	O
,	O
Advanced	O
Compression	O
,	O
Data	O
Guard	O
Fast-Start	O
Failover	O
,	O
Transparent	O
Data	O
Encryption	O
10.1.0.2	O
2003	O
10.1.0.5	O
February	O
2006	O
Automated	O
Database	B-Application
Management	I-Application
,	O
Automatic	O
Database	O
Diagnostic	O
Monitor	O
,	O
Grid	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
ASM	O
,	O
Flashback	O
Database	O
9.2.0.1	O
2002	O
9.2.0.8	O
April	O
2007	O
Advanced	B-Application
Queuing	I-Application
,	O
Data	B-Algorithm
Mining	I-Algorithm
,	O
Streams	O
,	O
Logical	O
Standby	O
9.0.1.0	O
2001	O
9.0.1.5	O
December	O
2003	O
Oracle	B-Application
Real	B-Operating_System
Application	I-Operating_System
Clusters	I-Operating_System
(	O
RAC	O
)	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
XML	O
DB	O
8.1.5.0	O
1998	O
8.1.7.4	O
August	O
2000	O
Native	O
internet	O
protocols	O
and	O
Java	O
,	O
Virtual	O
Private	O
Database	O
8.0.3	O
June	O
1997	O
8.0.6	O
Recovery	O
Manager	O
,	O
Partitioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
version	O
available	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
7.0.12	O
June	O
1992	O
PL/SQL	B-Language
stored	O
procedures	O
,	O
Triggers	O
,	O
Distributed	O
2-phase	O
commit	O
,	O
Shared	O
Cursors	O
,	O
Cost-Based	O
Optimizer	O
6.2.0	O
Oracle	B-Application
Parallel	O
Server	O
6.0.17	O
1988	O
6.0.37	O
Row-level	O
locking	O
,	O
scalability	B-Architecture
,	O
online	O
backup	O
and	O
recovery	O
,	O
PL/SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
5.0.22	O
(	O
5.1.17	O
)	O
1985	O
5.1.22	O
Support	O
for	O
client/server	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
and	O
distributed	B-Operating_System
database	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
version	O
available	O
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
version	O
available	O
for	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
includes	O
a	O
brief	O
history	O
on	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
key	O
innovations	O
introduced	O
with	O
each	O
major	O
release	O
of	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
My	O
Oracle	B-Application
Support	O
(	O
MOS	O
)	O
note	O
Release	O
Schedule	O
of	O
Current	O
Database	O
Releases	O
(	O
Doc	O
ID	O
742060.1	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
current	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
releases	O
and	O
their	O
patching	O
end	O
dates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
18c	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
released	O
Critical	O
Patch	O
Updates	O
(	O
CPUs	O
)	O
and	O
Security	O
Patch	O
Updates	O
(	O
SPUs	O
)	O
and	O
Security	O
Alerts	O
to	O
close	O
security	O
vulnerabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
18c	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
releases	O
Release	O
Updates	O
(	O
RUs	O
)	O
and	O
Release	O
Update	O
Revisions	O
(	O
RURs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2016	O
Gartner	O
report	O
claimed	O
to	O
show	O
Oracle	B-Application
holding	O
#1	O
RDBMS	O
market	O
share	O
worldwide	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
revenue	O
share	O
ahead	O
of	O
its	O
four	O
closest	O
competitors	O
–	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
SAP	B-Application
and	O
Teradata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2021	O
Gartner	O
Magic	O
Quadrant	O
report	O
named	O
Oracle	B-Application
a	O
leader	O
in	O
Cloud	O
Database	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
relational	O
databases	B-Application
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
competes	O
against	O
commercial	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
IBM	B-Application
Db2	I-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
and	O
IBM	O
tend	O
to	O
battle	O
for	O
the	O
mid-range	O
database	O
market	O
on	O
Unix	O
and	O
Linux	O
platforms	O
,	O
while	O
Microsoft	O
dominates	O
the	O
mid-range	O
database	O
market	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
since	O
they	O
share	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
customers	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
and	O
IBM	O
tend	O
to	O
support	O
each	O
other	O
's	O
products	O
in	O
many	O
middleware	O
and	O
application	O
categories	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
:	O
WebSphere	B-Language
,	O
PeopleSoft	O
,	O
and	O
Siebel	O
Systems	O
CRM	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
IBM	O
's	O
hardware	O
divisions	O
work	O
closely	O
with	O
Oracle	B-Application
on	O
performance-optimizing	O
server-technologies	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
on	I-Application
IBM	I-Application
Z	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Niche	O
commercial	O
competitors	O
include	O
Teradata	O
(	O
in	O
data	O
warehousing	O
and	O
business	O
intelligence	O
)	O
,	O
Software	O
AG	O
's	O
ADABAS	B-Application
,	O
Sybase	B-Application
,	O
and	O
IBM	O
's	O
Informix	B-Application
,	O
among	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
competes	O
against	O
the	O
database	O
services	O
of	O
AWS	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
Azure	O
,	O
and	O
Google	O
Cloud	O
Platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increasingly	O
,	O
the	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
products	O
compete	O
against	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
relational	O
and	O
non-relational	O
database	B-Application
systems	I-Application
such	O
as	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
,	O
MongoDB	B-Application
,	O
Couchbase	B-Operating_System
,	O
Neo4j	B-Language
,	O
ArangoDB	B-Operating_System
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
acquired	O
Innobase	O
,	O
supplier	O
of	O
the	O
InnoDB	B-Language
codebase	O
to	O
MySQL	B-Application
,	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
compete	O
better	O
against	O
open	O
source	O
alternatives	O
,	O
and	O
acquired	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
owner	O
of	O
MySQL	B-Application
,	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Database	O
products	O
licensed	O
as	O
open-source	B-Application
are	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
legal	O
terms	O
of	O
the	B-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
,	O
free	O
to	O
distribute	O
and	O
free	O
of	O
royalty	O
or	O
other	O
licensing	O
fees	O
.	O
</s>
