<s>
Oracle	B-Application
APEX	I-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
APEX	O
or	O
Oracle	B-Application
Application	I-Application
Express	I-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
enterprise	O
low-code	B-Architecture
development	I-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
from	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
deploy	O
web	O
applications	O
on	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
databases	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
provides	O
a	O
web-based	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
(	O
IDE	O
)	O
that	O
uses	O
wizards	O
,	O
drag-and-drop	O
layout	O
,	O
and	O
property	O
editors	O
to	O
build	O
applications	O
and	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
is	O
a	O
fully-supported	O
no-cost	O
feature	O
of	O
the	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
and	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
anywhere	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
runs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
is	O
also	O
offered	O
on	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
's	I-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
across	O
various	O
services	O
including	O
Autonomous	O
Database	O
Cloud	O
Services	O
and	O
the	O
stand-alone	O
APEX	O
Application	O
Development	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
APEX	I-Application
can	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
any	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
from	O
version	O
9.2	O
or	O
higher	O
,	O
and	O
starting	O
from	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
11g	I-General_Concept
it	O
is	O
installed	O
with	O
the	O
database	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
4.0	O
and	O
higher	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
an	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
10.2.0.3	O
or	O
higher	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
5.0	O
and	O
higher	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
all	O
editions	O
(	O
SE1	O
,	O
SE	O
,	O
and	O
EE	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
,	O
11.1.0.7	O
or	O
higher	O
with	O
a	O
valid	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
Technical	O
Support	O
agreement	O
;	O
From	O
APEX	O
18.1	O
,	O
the	O
minimum	O
database	O
version	O
is	O
11.2.0.4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
11g	O
Express	O
Edition	O
(	O
XE	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
supported	O
through	O
the	O
Oracle	B-Application
Technology	I-Application
Network	I-Application
discussion	O
forum	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
through	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Support	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Product	O
Name	O
Version	O
Released	O
Notes	O
HTML	B-Application
DB	I-Application
1.5	O
2004	O
First	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTML	B-Application
DB	I-Application
1.6	O
2004	O
Added	O
themes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTML	B-Application
DB	I-Application
2.0	O
2005	O
Added	O
SQL	B-Language
Workshop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
2.1	O
of	O
APEX	O
was	O
bundled	O
with	O
the	O
free	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Express	I-General_Concept
Edition	I-General_Concept
(	O
XE	O
)	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
Express	O
3.0	O
2007	O
This	O
version	O
featured	O
several	O
new	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
PDF	B-Application
Printing	O
,	O
Flash	O
charting	O
and	O
Access	O
Application	O
Migration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
Express	O
3.0.1	O
July	O
2007	O
This	O
version	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
installed	O
into	O
an	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
XE	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
Express	O
4.0	O
June	O
2010	O
Some	O
notable	O
features	O
are	O
declarative	O
Dynamic	O
Actions	O
(	O
which	O
allow	O
reacting	O
to	O
changes	O
on	O
a	O
page	O
without	O
the	O
developer	O
having	O
to	O
write	O
custom	O
Javascript	B-Language
)	O
and	O
Plugins	O
(	O
which	O
allow	O
developers	O
to	O
create	O
custom	O
components	O
such	O
as	O
items	O
,	O
regions	O
and	O
processes	O
,	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
re-used	O
across	O
pages	O
and	O
applications	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
Express	O
4.2	O
October	O
2012	O
Notable	O
new	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
application	O
builder	O
for	O
mobile	O
,	O
mobile	O
and	O
responsive	O
themes	O
,	O
and	O
HTML5	B-Application
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
Express	O
4.2.2	O
April	O
2013	O
Bug	O
Fixes	O
,	O
Improved	O
PDF	B-Application
printing	O
,	O
new	O
Survey	O
Builder	O
packaged	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
Express	O
5.0.3	O
December	O
2015	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.0.3.Application	O
Express5.0.4July	O
2016This	O
is	O
a	O
cumulative	O
patch	O
set	O
for	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.0.0	O
and	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.0.3Application	O
Express5.1December	O
2016Notable	O
features	O
include	O
a	O
new	O
"	O
Interactive	O
Grids	O
"	O
component	O
which	O
provides	O
an	O
editable	O
grid	O
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
JET-based	O
charting	O
,	O
updated	O
Universal	O
Theme	O
with	O
Live	O
Template	O
Options	O
and	O
RTL	O
support	O
,	O
several	O
UX	O
enhancements	O
,	O
updates	O
to	O
Packaged	O
Apps	O
,	O
and	O
three	O
new	O
Productivity	O
Apps	O
:	O
Quick	O
SQL	B-Language
,	O
REST	O
Client	O
Assistant	O
,	O
and	O
Competitive	O
Analysis.Application	O
Express5.1.1March	O
2017This	O
is	O
a	O
cumulative	O
patch	O
set	O
for	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.1.0Application	O
Express5.1.2June	O
2017This	O
is	O
a	O
cumulative	O
patch	O
set	O
for	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.1.0	O
and	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.1.1Application	O
Express5.1.3September	O
2017This	O
is	O
a	O
cumulative	O
patch	O
set	O
for	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.1.0	O
-	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.1.2Application	O
Express5.1.4December	O
2017This	O
is	O
a	O
cumulative	O
patch	O
set	O
for	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.1.0	O
-	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.1.3Application	O
Express18.1.0May	O
2018Oracle	O
has	O
released	O
the	O
latest	O
version	O
of	O
APEX	O
and	O
keeping	O
in	O
line	O
with	O
their	O
naming	O
convention	O
APEX	O
has	O
jumped	O
from	O
version	O
5.1.4	O
to	O
18.1	O
-	O
Application	O
Express	O
5.1.4Application	O
Express18.2.0September	O
2018This	O
release	O
includes	O
new	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
JavaScript	B-Language
APIsApplication	O
Express19.2.0.00.18November	O
2019This	O
release	O
includes	O
new	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
+	O
Redwood	O
:	O
The	O
user	O
interface	O
of	O
APEX	O
and	O
the	O
App	O
Builder	O
has	O
been	O
refreshed	O
to	O
align	O
with	O
Redwood	O
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
's	O
new	O
user	O
experience	O
design	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	B-Application
PDF	I-Application
Printing	O
:	O
You	O
can	O
now	O
print	O
PDF	B-Application
files	I-Application
directly	O
from	O
Interactive	O
Grids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
APEX	I-Application
has	O
gone	O
through	O
many	O
name	O
changes	O
since	O
its	O
inception	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
Mike	O
Hichwa	O
,	O
a	O
developer	O
at	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
,	O
after	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
his	O
previous	O
project	O
,	O
Web	O
DB	O
,	O
started	O
to	O
diverge	O
from	O
his	O
original	O
vision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
builds	O
of	O
Flow	O
had	O
no	O
front-end	O
,	O
so	O
all	O
changes	O
to	O
an	O
application	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
in	O
SQL*Plus	O
via	O
inserts	O
,	O
updates	O
and	O
deletes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
is	O
extensively	O
used	O
internally	O
by	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
to	O
develop	O
its	O
support	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
applications	O
are	O
created	O
using	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
's	O
own	O
tools	O
and	O
only	O
can	O
be	O
hosted	O
in	O
an	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
,	O
making	O
an	O
implementer	O
susceptible	O
to	O
vendor	O
lock-in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
few	O
webhosts	O
offer	O
APEX	O
(	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
)	O
on	O
their	O
hosting	O
service	O
package	O
(	O
most	O
of	O
them	O
offer	O
PHP	B-Application
+	O
MySQL	B-Application
or	O
ASP	B-General_Concept
+	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
since	O
APEX	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
free	O
Express	O
Edition	O
of	O
the	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
(	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
XE	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
install	O
the	O
required	O
stack	O
(	O
database	O
,	O
APEX	O
framework	O
,	O
and	O
web	O
gateway	O
)	O
on	O
any	O
standard	O
operating	O
system	O
host	O
(	O
Linux	B-Application
or	O
Windows	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
APEX	O
has	O
existed	O
since	O
2004	O
in	O
one	O
form	O
or	O
another	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
recently	O
been	O
included	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
category	O
of	O
application	O
development	O
platforms	O
called	O
Low	B-Architecture
Code	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
low-code	B-Architecture
environments	O
can	O
trace	O
their	O
origins	O
to	O
4GL	O
programming	O
languages	O
and	O
rapid	O
application	O
development(RAD )	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
the	O
requirements	O
are	O
more	O
complex	O
,	O
APEX	O
allows	O
the	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
Low	B-Architecture
Code	I-Architecture
objects	O
through	O
a	O
declarative	O
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developer	O
can	O
do	O
this	O
through	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
,	O
PL/SQL	B-Language
,	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
or	O
CSS	B-Language
as	O
well	O
as	O
APEX	O
plug-ins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
APEX	O
permits	O
developers	O
to	O
go	O
from	O
no	O
code	O
to	O
low	B-Architecture
code	I-Architecture
to	O
more	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
APEX	O
applications	O
suffer	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
classes	O
of	O
application	O
security	O
flaws	O
as	O
other	O
web	O
applications	O
based	O
on	O
more	O
direct	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
ASP.net	B-Application
and	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
classes	O
of	O
vulnerability	O
that	O
affect	O
APEX	O
applications	O
are	O
:	O
SQL	B-Language
injection	I-Language
,	O
Cross-site	O
scripting	O
(	O
XSS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Access	O
Control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APEX	O
applications	O
inherently	O
use	O
PL/SQL	B-Language
constructs	O
as	O
the	O
base	O
server-side	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
as	O
accessing	O
data	O
via	O
PL/SQL	B-Language
blocks	O
,	O
an	O
APEX	O
application	O
will	O
use	O
PL/SQL	B-Language
to	O
implement	O
authorization	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
conditionally	O
display	O
web	O
page	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
generally	O
APEX	O
applications	O
suffer	O
from	O
SQL	B-Language
injection	I-Language
when	O
these	O
PL/SQL	B-Language
blocks	O
do	O
not	O
correctly	O
validate	O
and	O
handle	O
malicious	O
user	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-General_Concept
implemented	O
a	O
special	O
variable	O
type	O
for	O
APEX	O
called	O
Substitution	O
Variables	O
(	O
with	O
a	O
syntax	O
of	O
&	O
NAME	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
these	O
are	O
not	O
safe	O
and	O
lead	O
to	O
SQL	B-Language
Injection	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
the	O
injection	O
occurs	O
within	O
a	O
PL/SQL	B-Language
block	O
an	O
attacker	O
can	O
inject	O
an	O
arbitrary	O
number	O
of	O
queries	O
or	O
statements	O
to	O
execute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Escaping	O
special	O
characters	O
and	O
using	O
bind	O
variables	O
is	O
the	O
right	O
way	O
to	O
code	O
to	O
ensure	O
no	O
XSS	O
and	O
SQL	B-Language
injection	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-General_Concept
provides	O
the	O
htf.escape_sc( )	O
function	O
to	O
escape	O
user	O
data	O
that	O
is	O
displayed	O
within	O
a	O
rendered	O
HTML	B-Language
response	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
malicious	O
user	O
can	O
perform	O
the	O
process	O
(	O
through	O
JavaScript	B-Language
)	O
without	O
requiring	O
the	O
actual	O
Button	O
to	O
be	O
accessible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
them	O
are	O
jQuery	O
Mobile	O
(	O
HTML5	B-Application
based	O
user	O
interface	O
)	O
,	O
jQuery	O
UI	O
(	O
user	O
interface	O
for	O
the	O
web	O
)	O
,	O
AnyChart	O
(	O
JavaScript/HTML5	O
charts	O
)	O
,	O
CKEditor	O
(	O
web	O
text	O
editor	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
APEX	I-Application
can	O
be	O
run	O
inside	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
Express	O
Edition	O
(	O
XE	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
free	O
entry-level	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
XE	O
has	O
limits	O
for	O
CPU	O
,	O
memory	O
and	O
disk	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Oracle	B-Application
APEX	I-Application
and	O
Autonomous	O
Database	O
,	O
the	O
configuration	O
,	O
patching	O
,	O
monitoring	O
,	O
and	O
upgrading	O
of	O
all	O
Oracle	B-Application
APEX	I-Application
components	O
is	O
fully	O
managed	O
by	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
feature	O
functionality	O
includes	O
Oracle	B-Operating_System
SQL	I-Operating_System
Developer	I-Operating_System
Web	O
(	O
database	O
actions	O
)	O
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
REST	O
Data	O
Services	O
(	O
ORDS	O
)	O
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
XML	O
DB	O
features	O
,	O
Spatial	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
APEX	I-Application
Application	O
Development	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
APEX	O
Service	O
is	O
a	O
fully	O
managed	O
low-code	B-Architecture
application	O
development	O
and	O
deployment	O
platform	O
in	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Cloud	O
Infrastructure	O
(	O
OCI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
service	O
,	O
developers	O
get	O
APEX	O
and	O
an	O
underlying	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Autonomous	O
Database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
service	O
also	O
includes	O
SQL	B-Language
Developer	O
Web	O
(	O
Database	O
Actions	O
)	O
for	O
database	O
actions	O
and	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
REST	O
Data	O
Services	O
(	O
ORDS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
