<s>
Optical	B-Application
disc	I-Application
authoring	I-Application
,	O
including	O
CD	O
,	O
DVD	O
,	O
and	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
authoring	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
assembling	O
source	O
materialvideo	O
,	O
audio	O
or	O
other	O
datainto	O
the	O
proper	O
logical	O
volume	O
format	O
to	O
then	O
be	O
recorded	O
(	O
"	O
burned	O
"	O
)	O
onto	O
an	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
(	O
typically	O
a	O
compact	O
disc	O
or	O
DVD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
burn	O
an	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
,	O
one	O
usually	O
first	O
creates	O
an	O
optical	B-General_Concept
disc	I-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
full	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
of	O
a	O
type	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
,	O
in	O
temporary	O
storage	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
file	O
in	O
another	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
on	O
a	O
disk	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
may	O
test	O
the	O
image	O
on	O
target	O
devices	O
using	O
rewriteable	O
media	O
such	O
as	O
CD-RW	O
,	O
DVD±RW	O
and	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
one	O
copies	O
the	O
image	O
to	O
the	O
disc	O
(	O
usually	O
write-once	B-Device
media	O
for	O
hard	O
distribution	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
optical	B-Application
disc	I-Application
authoring	I-Application
utilities	O
create	O
a	O
disc	O
image	O
and	O
copy	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
disc	O
in	O
one	O
bundled	O
operation	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
end-users	O
often	O
do	O
not	O
know	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
creating	O
and	O
burning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
disc	B-Application
burning	I-Application
applications	O
silently	O
delete	O
the	O
image	O
from	O
the	O
Temporary	B-Application
folder	I-Application
after	O
making	O
one	O
copy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
packet-writing	B-Device
applications	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
writing	O
the	O
entire	O
disc	O
at	O
once	O
,	O
but	O
allow	O
writing	O
of	O
different	O
parts	O
at	O
different	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
construct	O
a	O
disc	O
incrementally	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
on	O
a	O
rewritable	O
medium	O
like	O
a	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
or	O
rewritable	O
CD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
authoring	I-Device
technologies	I-Device
for	O
optimizing	O
the	O
authoring	O
process	O
and	O
preventing	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
programs	O
can	O
mount	O
a	O
disc	O
image	O
as	O
a	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
type	O
,	O
so	O
these	O
images	O
appear	O
as	O
mounted	O
discs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Authoring	O
is	O
commonly	O
done	O
in	O
software	O
on	O
computers	O
with	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
recorders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
stand-alone	O
devices	O
like	O
personal	B-Application
video	I-Application
recorders	I-Application
which	O
can	O
also	O
author	O
and	O
record	O
discs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
of	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
recorders	O
require	O
optical	B-Application
disc	I-Application
authoring	I-Application
software	O
,	O
sometimes	O
called	O
"	O
burning	O
applications	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
burner	O
applications	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
come	O
bundled	O
with	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Creating	O
an	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
usually	O
involves	O
first	O
creating	O
an	O
optical	B-General_Concept
disc	I-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
full	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
designed	O
for	O
the	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
,	O
and	O
then	O
actually	O
burning	O
the	O
image	O
to	O
the	O
disc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disc	O
file	B-Application
systems	I-Application
include	O
ISO	B-Application
9660	I-Application
(	O
often	O
known	O
simply	O
as	O
“	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
”	O
)	O
and	O
Universal	O
Disk	O
Format	O
(	O
UDF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO	B-General_Concept
is	O
most	O
common	O
for	O
CDs	O
and	O
UDF	O
is	O
most	O
common	O
for	O
DVDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
packet	B-Device
writing	I-Device
applications	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
writing	O
the	O
entire	O
disc	O
at	O
once	O
,	O
but	O
allow	O
writing	O
parts	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
disc	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
random	O
access	O
removable	O
medium	O
(	O
somewhat	O
like	O
a	O
very	O
large	O
floppy	B-Device
,	O
though	O
with	O
unique	O
constraints	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
command-line	B-Application
tool	I-Application
cdrdao	B-Language
,	O
a	O
so-called	O
TOC	B-Application
file	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
authored	O
inside	O
a	O
text	B-Application
editor	I-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
specify	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
desired	O
disc	O
record	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
types	I-Application
include	O
ISO	B-Application
9660	I-Application
(	O
often	O
known	O
simply	O
as	O
"	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
"	O
)	O
and	O
Universal	O
Disk	O
Format	O
(	O
UDF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO	B-General_Concept
is	O
most	O
common	O
for	O
CDs	O
and	O
UDF	O
is	O
most	O
common	O
for	O
DVDs	O
and	O
BDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO	B-Application
9660	I-Application
is	O
a	O
format	O
mainly	O
used	O
on	O
CDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISO	B-Application
9660	I-Application
can	O
be	O
extended	O
with	O
El	B-Device
Torito	I-Device
,	O
Joliet	O
,	O
Rock	O
Ridge	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
ISO	I-Application
9660	I-Application
Extensions	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
El	B-Device
Torito	I-Device
makes	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
boot	O
from	O
a	O
CD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Universal	O
Disk	O
Format	O
(	O
UDF	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
newer	O
filesystem	B-Application
that	O
comes	O
with	O
additional	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
Unicode	O
support	O
,	O
packet	B-Device
writing	I-Device
(	O
UDF	O
1.50	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
defect	O
management	O
on	O
rewritable	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Packet	B-Device
writing	I-Device
can	O
alternatively	O
be	O
implemented	O
with	O
UDF	O
1.02	O
and	O
Mount	B-Device
Rainier	I-Device
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
one	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
disc	O
like	O
a	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
,	O
that	O
is	O
to	O
easily	O
delete	O
,	O
create	O
,	O
and	O
modify	O
files	O
,	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
write	O
the	O
whole	O
disc	O
again	O
.	O
</s>
