<s>
Operations	O
,	O
administration	B-Application
,	O
and	O
management	O
or	O
operations	O
,	O
administration	B-Application
,	O
and	O
maintenance	O
(	O
OA&M	B-Architecture
or	O
OAM	O
)	O
are	O
the	O
processes	O
,	O
activities	O
,	O
tools	O
,	O
and	O
standards	O
involved	O
with	O
operating	O
,	O
administering	O
,	O
managing	O
and	O
maintaining	O
any	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
commonly	O
applies	O
to	O
telecommunication	O
,	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
computer	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
Ethernet	O
operations	B-Architecture
,	I-Architecture
administration	I-Architecture
and	I-Architecture
maintenance	I-Architecture
(	O
EOAM	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
the	O
protocol	O
for	O
installing	O
,	O
monitoring	O
and	O
troubleshooting	O
Ethernet	O
metropolitan	O
area	O
network	O
(	O
MANs	O
)	O
and	O
Ethernet	O
WANs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
fault	O
management	O
the	O
standard	O
defines	O
continuity	O
checks	O
,	O
loopbacks	B-Protocol
,	O
link	O
trace	O
,	O
and	O
alarm	O
suppression	O
(	O
AIS	O
,	O
RDI	O
)	O
for	O
effective	O
fault	O
detection	O
,	O
verification	O
,	O
isolation	O
,	O
and	O
notification	O
in	O
carrier	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Connectivity	O
fault	O
management	O
(	O
IEEE	O
802.1ag	O
)	O
-	O
Defines	O
standardized	O
continuity	O
checks	O
,	O
loopbacks	B-Protocol
and	O
link	O
trace	O
for	O
fault	O
management	O
capabilities	O
in	O
enterprise	O
and	O
carrier	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Link	O
layer	O
discovery	O
(	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.1AB	I-Protocol
)	O
-	O
Defines	O
discovery	O
for	O
all	O
provider	B-Protocol
edges	I-Protocol
(	O
PEs	O
)	O
supporting	O
a	O
common	O
service	O
instance	O
and/or	O
discovery	O
for	O
all	O
edge	O
devices	O
and	O
P	B-General_Concept
routers	I-General_Concept
)	O
common	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
network	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ethernet	B-Protocol
in	I-Protocol
the	I-Protocol
First	I-Protocol
Mile	I-Protocol
defined	O
in	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3ah	I-Protocol
mechanisms	O
for	O
monitoring	O
and	O
troubleshooting	O
Ethernet	O
access	O
links	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
it	O
defines	O
tools	O
for	O
discovery	O
,	O
remote	O
failure	O
indication	O
,	O
remote	O
and	O
local	O
loopbacks	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
status	O
and	O
performance	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ethernet	O
protection	O
switching	O
(	O
ITU	O
G.8031	O
)	O
-	O
Brings	O
SONET	B-Protocol
APS	O
/	O
SDH	O
MSP-like	O
protection	O
switching	O
to	O
Ethernet	O
trunks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OAMP	B-Architecture
,	O
traditionally	O
OAM&P	B-Architecture
,	O
stands	O
for	O
operations	O
,	O
administration	B-Application
,	O
maintenance	O
,	O
and	O
provisioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Administration	B-Application
typically	O
involves	O
collecting	O
performance	O
stats	O
,	O
accounting	O
data	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
billing	O
,	O
capacity	O
planning	O
using	O
Usage	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
maintaining	O
system	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
they	O
both	O
target	O
the	O
same	O
set	O
of	O
markets	O
,	O
OAMP	B-Architecture
covers	O
much	O
more	O
than	O
the	O
five	O
specific	O
areas	O
targeted	O
by	O
FCAPS	O
(	O
See	O
FCAPS	O
for	O
more	O
details	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
terminology	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
more	O
popular	O
than	O
OAMP	B-Architecture
in	O
non-telecom	O
environs	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
NOC	O
environments	O
,	O
OAMP	B-Architecture
and	O
OAMPT	B-Architecture
are	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
problem	O
management	O
life	O
cycle	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
-	O
and	O
especially	O
with	O
the	O
dawn	O
of	O
Carrier-Grade	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
telco	O
terminology	O
is	O
becoming	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
embedded	O
in	O
traditionally	O
IP	O
termed	O
worlds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Configuration	O
and	O
hardware	B-Architecture
changes	O
that	O
are	O
a	O
response	O
to	O
system	O
deterioration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
involve	O
scheduling	O
provider	O
maintenance	O
,	O
standard	O
network	O
equipment	O
configuration	O
changes	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
policy	O
or	O
design	O
,	O
routine	O
equipment	O
checks	O
,	O
hardware	B-Architecture
changes	O
,	O
and	O
software/firmware	O
upgrades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introducing	O
a	O
new	O
service	O
,	O
creating	O
new	O
circuits	O
and	O
setting	O
up	O
new	O
equipment	O
,	O
installing	O
new	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
