<s>
Open	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
free	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
a	O
movement	O
to	O
get	O
the	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
to	O
provide	O
more	O
unlicensed	B-Algorithm
radio-frequency	O
spectrum	O
that	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proponents	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
commons	O
model	O
"	O
of	O
open	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
advocate	O
a	O
future	O
where	O
all	O
the	O
spectrum	O
is	O
shared	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
which	O
people	O
use	O
Internet	O
protocols	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
and	O
smart	O
devices	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
find	O
the	O
most	O
effective	O
energy	O
level	O
,	O
frequency	O
,	O
and	O
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
notable	O
advocate	O
for	O
Open	B-Algorithm
Spectrum	I-Algorithm
is	O
Lawrence	O
Lessig	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlicensed	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
is	O
decentralized	O
:	O
there	O
are	O
no	O
license	O
payments	O
or	O
central	O
control	O
for	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
sharing	O
spectrum	O
between	O
unlicensed	B-Algorithm
equipment	O
requires	O
that	O
mitigation	O
techniques	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
users	O
of	O
unlicensed	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
include	O
cordless	O
telephones	O
,	O
and	O
baby	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
collection	O
of	O
new	O
technologies	O
are	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
unlicensed	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
including	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Ultra	O
Wideband	O
,	O
spread	B-Architecture
spectrum	I-Architecture
,	O
software-defined	B-Architecture
radio	I-Architecture
,	O
cognitive	B-Protocol
radio	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
mesh	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Astronomers	O
use	O
many	O
radio	O
telescopes	O
to	O
look	O
up	O
at	O
objects	O
such	O
as	O
pulsars	B-Application
in	O
our	O
own	O
Galaxy	O
and	O
at	O
distant	O
radio	O
galaxies	O
up	O
to	O
about	O
half	O
the	O
distance	O
of	O
the	O
observable	O
sphere	O
of	O
our	O
Universe	O
.	O
</s>
