<s>
Open	B-License
source	I-License
is	O
source	O
code	O
that	O
is	O
made	O
freely	O
available	O
for	O
possible	O
modification	O
and	O
redistribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	B-License
model	I-License
is	O
a	O
decentralized	O
software	O
development	O
model	O
that	O
encourages	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
main	O
principle	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
is	O
peer	O
production	O
,	O
with	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
blueprints	B-Application
,	O
and	O
documentation	O
freely	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	B-Application
movement	O
in	O
software	O
began	O
as	O
a	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
model	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
open-source	B-Application
appropriate	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
drug	O
discovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
source	I-License
promotes	O
universal	O
access	O
via	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
or	O
free	B-License
license	I-License
to	O
a	O
product	O
's	O
design	O
or	O
blueprint	B-Application
,	O
and	O
universal	O
redistribution	O
of	O
that	O
design	O
or	O
blueprint	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
phrase	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
became	O
widely	O
adopted	O
,	O
developers	O
and	O
producers	O
have	O
used	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
other	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
source	I-License
gained	O
hold	O
with	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
movement	O
arose	O
to	O
clarify	O
copyright	O
,	O
licensing	B-License
,	O
domain	O
,	O
and	O
consumer	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
,	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
refers	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
for	O
use	O
or	O
modification	O
from	O
its	O
original	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
is	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
a	O
software	B-License
license	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
large	O
formal	O
institutions	O
have	O
sprung	O
up	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
movement	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
Software	O
Foundation	O
,	O
which	O
supports	O
community	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
framework	O
Apache	B-Application
Hadoop	I-Application
and	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
HTTP	B-Protocol
server	O
Apache	B-Application
HTTP	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
years	O
of	O
automobile	O
development	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
capital	O
monopolists	B-Application
owned	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
a	O
2-cycle	O
gasoline-engine	O
patent	O
originally	O
filed	O
by	O
George	O
B	O
.	O
Selden	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
association	O
instituted	O
a	O
cross-licensing	O
agreement	O
among	O
all	O
US	O
automotive	O
manufacturers	O
:	O
although	O
each	O
company	O
would	O
develop	O
technology	O
and	O
file	O
patents	O
,	O
these	O
patents	O
were	O
shared	O
openly	O
and	O
without	O
the	O
exchange	O
of	O
money	O
among	O
all	O
the	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
instances	O
of	O
the	O
free	B-License
sharing	O
of	O
source	O
code	O
include	O
IBM	O
's	O
source	O
releases	O
of	O
its	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
programs	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
and	O
1960s	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
SHARE	O
user	O
group	O
that	O
formed	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
exchange	O
of	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
ARPANET	O
researchers	O
used	O
an	O
open	O
"	O
Request	O
for	O
Comments	O
"	O
(	O
RFC	O
)	O
process	O
to	O
encourage	O
feedback	O
in	O
early	O
telecommunication	O
network	B-Architecture
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sharing	O
of	O
source	O
code	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
began	O
when	O
the	O
Internet	O
was	O
relatively	O
primitive	O
,	O
with	O
software	O
distributed	O
via	O
UUCP	B-Protocol
,	O
Usenet	B-Application
,	O
IRC	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
Gopher	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
BSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
was	O
first	O
widely	O
distributed	O
by	O
posts	O
to	O
comp.os.linux	O
on	O
the	O
Usenet	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
also	O
where	O
its	O
development	O
was	O
discussed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Application
followed	O
in	O
this	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
,	O
"	O
meaning	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
was	O
published	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
free	B-License
software	O
(	O
purchasing	O
a	O
license	O
was	O
still	O
required	O
for	O
use	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
later	O
proposed	O
by	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
people	O
in	O
the	O
free	B-License
software	O
movement	O
who	O
were	O
critical	O
of	O
the	O
political	O
agenda	O
and	O
moral	O
philosophy	O
implied	O
in	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
free	B-License
software	O
"	O
and	O
sought	O
to	O
reframe	O
the	O
discourse	O
to	O
reflect	O
a	O
more	O
commercially	O
minded	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
ambiguity	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
free	B-License
software	O
"	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
discouraging	O
business	O
adoption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
ambiguity	O
of	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
free	B-License
"	O
exists	O
primarily	O
in	O
English	O
as	O
it	O
can	O
refer	O
to	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peterson	O
suggested	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
at	O
a	O
meeting	O
held	O
at	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
in	O
reaction	O
to	O
Netscape	O
's	O
announcement	O
in	O
January	O
1998	O
of	O
a	O
source	O
code	O
release	O
for	O
Navigator	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
gave	O
his	O
support	O
the	O
following	O
day	O
,	O
and	O
Phil	O
Hughes	O
backed	O
the	O
term	O
in	O
Linux	B-Application
Journal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Stallman	O
,	O
the	O
founder	O
of	O
the	O
free	B-License
software	O
movement	O
,	O
quickly	O
decided	O
against	O
endorsing	O
the	O
term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netscape	O
released	O
its	O
source	O
code	O
under	O
the	O
Netscape	B-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
and	O
later	O
under	O
the	O
Mozilla	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
made	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
call	O
to	O
the	O
free	B-License
software	O
community	O
to	O
adopt	O
it	O
in	O
February	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
,	O
he	O
founded	O
The	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Bruce	O
Perens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
titled	O
the	O
"	O
Freeware	B-License
Summit	O
"	O
and	O
later	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Summit	O
,	O
"	O
the	O
event	O
was	O
attended	O
by	O
the	O
leaders	O
of	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
projects	O
,	O
including	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
Larry	O
Wall	O
,	O
Brian	O
Behlendorf	O
,	O
Eric	O
Allman	O
,	O
Guido	O
van	O
Rossum	O
,	O
Michael	O
Tiemann	O
,	O
Paul	O
Vixie	O
,	O
Jamie	B-Operating_System
Zawinski	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Eric	O
Raymond	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
meeting	O
,	O
alternatives	O
to	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
free	B-License
software	O
"	O
were	O
discussed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
has	O
never	O
managed	O
to	O
entirely	O
supersede	O
the	O
older	O
term	O
"	O
free	B-License
software	O
,	O
"	O
giving	O
rise	O
to	O
the	O
combined	O
term	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
(	O
FOSS	B-License
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
economists	O
agree	O
that	O
open-source	B-Application
is	O
an	O
information	O
good	O
or	O
"	O
knowledge	O
good	O
"	O
with	O
original	O
work	O
involving	O
a	O
significant	O
amount	O
of	O
time	O
,	O
money	O
,	O
and	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copyright	O
creates	O
a	O
monopoly	B-Application
so	O
that	O
the	O
price	O
charged	O
to	O
consumers	O
can	O
be	O
significantly	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
marginal	O
cost	O
of	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Being	O
organized	O
as	O
effectively	O
a	O
"	O
consumers	O
 '	O
cooperative	O
"	O
,	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
eliminates	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
access	O
costs	O
of	O
consumers	O
and	O
creators	O
of	O
derivative	O
works	O
by	O
reducing	O
the	O
restrictions	O
of	O
copyright	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
self-made	O
protections	O
free	B-License
the	O
general	O
society	O
of	O
the	O
costs	O
of	O
policing	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
practice	O
,	O
content	O
producers	O
can	O
choose	O
whether	O
to	O
adopt	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
license	I-Application
and	O
charge	O
for	O
copies	O
,	O
or	O
an	O
open	B-License
license	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
goods	O
which	O
require	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
professional	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
pharmaceutical	O
industry	O
(	O
which	O
depends	O
largely	O
on	O
patents	O
,	O
not	O
copyright	O
for	O
intellectual	O
property	O
protection	O
)	O
are	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
proprietary	B-Application
,	O
although	O
increasingly	O
sophisticated	O
technologies	O
are	O
being	O
developed	O
on	O
open-source	B-Application
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
evidence	O
that	O
open-source	B-Application
development	O
creates	O
enormous	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
hardware	O
design	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
designs	O
are	O
shared	O
for	O
free	B-License
and	O
anyone	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
digital	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	O
technologies	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
have	O
a	O
high	O
economic	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
Battery	O
Open	B-Application
Source	I-Application
Software	I-Application
Index	O
(	O
BOSS	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
ten	O
economically	O
most	O
important	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rank	O
given	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
activity	O
regarding	O
projects	O
in	O
online	O
discussions	O
,	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
on	O
search	O
activity	O
in	O
search	O
engines	O
and	O
on	O
the	O
influence	O
on	O
the	O
labour	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternative	O
arrangements	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
result	O
in	O
good	O
creation	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
proprietary	B-Application
license	I-Application
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
communities	O
benefit	O
from	O
free	B-License
starting	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voluntary	O
after-the-fact	O
donations	O
–	O
used	O
by	O
shareware	B-License
,	O
street	O
performers	O
,	O
and	O
public	O
broadcasting	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Freemium	O
–	O
Give	O
away	O
a	O
limited	O
version	O
for	O
free	B-License
and	O
charge	O
for	O
a	O
premium	O
version	O
(	O
potentially	O
using	O
a	O
dual	B-License
license	I-License
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Give	O
away	O
the	O
product	O
and	O
charge	O
something	O
related	O
–	O
charge	O
for	O
support	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
enterprise	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
give	O
away	O
music	O
but	O
charge	O
for	O
concert	O
admission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Give	O
away	O
work	O
to	O
gain	O
market	O
share	O
–	O
used	O
by	O
artists	O
,	O
in	O
corporate	O
software	O
to	O
spoil	O
a	O
dominant	O
competitor	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
in	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
wars	I-Application
and	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
will	O
then	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
the	O
solution	O
,	O
and	O
benefit	O
from	O
the	O
improvements	O
others	O
make	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communalizing	O
the	O
maintenance	O
burden	O
distributes	O
the	O
cost	O
across	O
more	O
users	O
;	O
free	B-License
riders	O
can	O
also	O
benefit	O
without	O
undermining	O
the	O
creation	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	B-License
model	I-License
is	O
a	O
decentralized	O
software	O
development	O
model	O
that	O
encourages	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
,	O
meaning	O
"	O
any	O
system	O
of	O
innovation	O
or	O
production	O
that	O
relies	O
on	O
goal-oriented	O
yet	O
loosely	O
coordinated	O
participants	O
who	O
interact	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
product	O
(	O
or	O
service	O
)	O
of	O
economic	O
value	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
make	O
available	O
to	O
contributors	O
and	O
noncontributors	O
alike.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
main	O
principle	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
is	O
peer	O
production	O
,	O
with	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
blueprints	B-Application
,	O
and	O
documentation	O
freely	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	B-Application
movement	O
in	O
software	O
began	O
as	O
a	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
model	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
open-source	B-Application
appropriate	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
drug	O
discovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	B-License
model	I-License
for	O
software	O
development	O
inspired	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
Internet	B-Application
forums	I-Application
,	O
mailing	O
lists	O
and	O
online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
is	O
also	O
thought	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
operating	O
principle	O
underlining	O
a	O
gamut	O
of	O
diverse	O
ventures	O
,	O
including	O
TEDx	O
and	O
Wikipedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
is	O
the	O
principle	O
underlying	O
peer	O
production	O
,	O
mass	O
collaboration	O
,	O
and	O
wikinomics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
observed	O
initially	O
in	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
but	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
many	O
other	O
instances	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
Internet	B-Application
forums	I-Application
,	O
mailing	O
lists	O
,	O
Internet	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
many	O
instances	O
of	O
open	O
content	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
define	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
as	O
collaboration	O
based	O
on	O
three	O
principles	O
of	O
egalitarianism	O
,	O
meritocracy	O
,	O
and	O
self-organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Levine	O
and	O
Prietula	O
define	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
as	O
"	O
any	O
system	O
of	O
innovation	O
or	O
production	O
that	O
relies	O
on	O
goal-oriented	O
yet	O
loosely	O
coordinated	O
participants	O
who	O
interact	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
product	O
(	O
or	O
service	O
)	O
of	O
economic	O
value	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
make	O
available	O
to	O
contributors	O
and	O
noncontributors	O
alike.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
elements	O
–	O
goods	O
of	O
economic	O
value	O
,	O
open	O
access	O
to	O
contribute	O
and	O
consume	O
,	O
interaction	O
and	O
exchange	O
,	O
purposeful	O
yet	O
loosely	O
coordinated	O
work	O
–	O
are	O
present	O
in	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
project	I-Application
,	O
in	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
a	O
user	O
forum	O
or	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
instances	O
of	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
,	O
anyone	O
can	O
contribute	O
and	O
anyone	O
can	O
freely	O
partake	O
in	O
the	O
fruits	O
of	O
sharing	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
produced	O
by	O
interacting	O
participants	O
who	O
are	O
loosely	O
coordinated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
annual	O
conference	O
dedicated	O
to	O
the	O
research	O
and	O
practice	O
of	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
is	O
the	O
International	O
Symposium	O
on	O
Wikis	O
and	O
Open	B-Application
Collaboration	I-Application
(	O
OpenSym	O
,	O
formerly	O
WikiSym	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
per	O
its	O
website	O
,	O
the	O
group	O
defines	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
as	O
"	O
collaboration	O
that	O
is	O
egalitarian	O
(	O
everyone	O
can	O
join	O
,	O
no	O
principled	O
or	O
artificial	O
barriers	O
to	O
participation	O
exist	O
)	O
,	O
meritocratic	O
(	O
decisions	O
and	O
status	O
are	O
merit-based	O
rather	O
than	O
imposed	O
)	O
and	O
self-organizing	O
(	O
processes	O
adapt	O
to	O
people	O
rather	O
than	O
people	O
adapt	O
to	O
pre-defined	O
processes	O
)	O
.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
source	I-License
promotes	O
universal	O
access	O
via	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
or	O
free	B-License
license	I-License
to	O
a	O
product	O
's	O
design	O
or	O
blueprint	B-Application
,	O
and	O
universal	O
redistribution	O
of	O
that	O
design	O
or	O
blueprint	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
phrase	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
became	O
widely	O
adopted	O
,	O
developers	O
and	O
producers	O
used	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
other	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
source	I-License
gained	O
hold	O
in	O
part	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
movement	O
arose	O
to	O
clarify	O
copyright	O
,	O
licensing	B-License
,	O
domain	O
,	O
and	O
consumer	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open-source	B-Application
license	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
license	O
for	O
computer	O
software	O
and	O
other	O
products	O
that	O
allows	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
blueprint	B-Application
or	O
design	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
,	O
modified	O
or	O
shared	O
(	O
with	O
or	O
without	O
modification	O
)	O
under	O
defined	O
terms	O
and	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
end	O
users	O
and	O
commercial	O
companies	O
to	O
review	O
and	O
modify	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
blueprint	B-Application
or	O
design	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
customization	O
,	O
curiosity	O
or	O
troubleshooting	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
licensed	O
software	O
is	O
mostly	O
available	O
free	B-License
of	O
charge	O
,	O
though	O
this	O
does	O
not	O
necessarily	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Licenses	O
which	O
only	O
permit	O
non-commercial	O
redistribution	O
or	O
modification	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
personal	O
use	O
only	O
are	O
generally	O
not	O
considered	O
as	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
may	O
have	O
some	O
restrictions	O
,	O
particularly	O
regarding	O
the	O
expression	O
of	O
respect	O
to	O
the	O
origin	O
of	O
software	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
requirement	O
to	O
preserve	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
authors	O
and	O
a	O
copyright	O
statement	O
within	O
the	O
code	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
requirement	O
to	O
redistribute	O
the	O
licensed	O
software	O
only	O
under	O
the	O
same	O
license	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
copyleft	B-License
license	I-License
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
popular	O
set	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
licenses	O
are	O
those	O
approved	O
by	O
the	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	O
(	O
OSI	O
)	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
(	O
OSD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	O
and	O
political	O
views	O
have	O
been	O
affected	O
by	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advocates	O
in	O
one	O
field	O
often	O
support	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
in	O
other	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
Eric	O
Raymond	O
and	O
other	O
founders	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
movement	O
have	O
sometimes	O
publicly	O
argued	O
against	O
speculation	O
about	O
applications	O
outside	O
software	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
strong	O
arguments	O
for	O
software	O
openness	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
weakened	O
by	O
overreaching	O
into	O
areas	O
where	O
the	O
story	O
may	O
be	O
less	O
compelling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
broader	O
impact	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
movement	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
extent	O
of	O
its	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
new	O
information	O
sharing	O
procedures	O
,	O
remain	O
to	O
be	O
seen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	B-Application
movement	O
has	O
inspired	O
increased	O
transparency	O
and	O
liberty	O
in	O
biotechnology	O
research	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
CAMBIA	O
Even	O
the	O
research	O
methodologies	O
themselves	O
can	O
benefit	O
from	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
also	O
given	O
rise	O
to	O
the	O
rapidly-expanding	O
open-source	B-Application
hardware	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
software	O
which	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
published	O
and	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
enabling	O
anyone	O
to	O
copy	O
,	O
modify	O
and	O
redistribute	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
without	O
paying	O
royalties	O
or	O
fees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LibreOffice	O
and	O
the	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
Image	O
Manipulation	O
Program	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
they	O
do	O
with	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
users	O
must	O
accept	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
a	O
license	O
when	O
they	O
use	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
—	O
but	O
the	O
legal	O
terms	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
licenses	O
differ	O
dramatically	O
from	O
those	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
licenses	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
code	O
can	O
evolve	O
through	O
community	O
cooperation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
individual	O
programmers	O
who	O
start	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
may	O
end	O
up	O
establishing	O
companies	O
offering	O
products	O
or	O
services	O
incorporating	O
open-source	B-Application
programs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
products	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
hardware	O
is	O
hardware	O
which	O
initial	O
specification	O
,	O
usually	O
in	O
a	O
software	O
format	O
,	O
is	O
published	O
and	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
enabling	O
anyone	O
to	O
copy	O
,	O
modify	O
and	O
redistribute	O
the	O
hardware	O
and	O
source	O
code	O
without	O
paying	O
royalties	O
or	O
fees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
hardware	O
evolves	O
through	O
community	O
cooperation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
hardware	O
initiatives	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Openmoko	B-Application
:	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
hardware	O
specification	O
and	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenRISC	B-Device
:	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
microprocessor	O
family	O
,	O
with	O
architecture	O
specification	O
licensed	O
under	O
GNU	B-License
GPL	I-License
and	O
implementation	O
under	O
LGPL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
's	O
OpenSPARC	B-Device
T1	O
Multicore	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
has	O
released	O
it	O
under	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simputer	B-Application
,	O
an	O
open	O
hardware	O
handheld	B-Application
computer	I-Application
,	O
designed	O
in	O
India	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
environments	O
where	O
computing	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
personal	O
computers	O
are	O
deemed	O
inappropriate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LEON	B-General_Concept
:	O
A	O
family	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
microprocessors	O
distributed	O
in	O
a	O
library	O
with	O
peripheral	O
IP	B-Architecture
cores	I-Architecture
,	O
open	B-Device
SPARC	I-Device
V8	O
specification	O
,	O
implementation	O
available	O
under	O
GNU	B-License
GPL	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tinkerforge	B-Application
:	O
A	O
system	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
stackable	O
microcontroller	O
building	O
blocks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Allows	O
control	O
of	O
motors	O
and	O
read	O
out	O
sensors	O
with	O
the	O
programming	O
languages	O
C	O
,	O
C++	O
,	O
C#	O
,	O
Object	O
Pascal	O
,	O
Java	O
,	O
PHP	O
,	O
Python	O
and	O
Ruby	O
over	O
a	O
USB	O
or	O
Wifi	O
connection	O
on	O
Windows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
Mac	O
OS	O
X	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Operating_System
Compute	I-Operating_System
Project	I-Operating_System
:	O
designs	O
for	O
computer	O
data	O
center	O
including	O
power	O
supply	O
,	O
Intel	O
motherboard	O
,	O
AMD	O
motherboard	O
,	O
chassis	O
,	O
racks	O
,	O
battery	O
cabinet	O
,	O
and	O
aspects	O
of	O
electrical	O
and	O
mechanical	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
colas	O
–	O
cola	O
soft	O
drinks	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
Coca-Cola	O
and	O
Pepsi	O
,	O
whose	O
recipe	O
is	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
and	O
developed	O
by	O
volunteers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	B-License
Beer	O
(	O
originally	O
Vores	O
Øl	O
)	O
–	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
beer	O
created	O
by	O
students	O
at	O
the	O
IT-University	O
in	O
Copenhagen	O
together	O
with	O
Superflex	O
,	O
an	O
artist	O
collective	O
,	O
to	O
illustrate	O
how	O
open-source	B-Application
concepts	O
might	O
be	O
applied	O
outside	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
licenses	O
were	O
designed	O
to	O
adhere	O
to	O
principles	O
similar	O
to	O
various	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
licenses	O
ensure	O
that	O
content	O
remains	O
free	B-License
for	O
re-use	O
,	O
that	O
source	O
documents	O
are	O
made	O
readily	O
available	O
to	O
interested	O
parties	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
changes	O
to	O
content	O
are	O
accepted	O
easily	O
back	O
into	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Important	O
sites	O
embracing	O
open-source-like	O
ideals	O
are	O
Project	O
Gutenberg	O
and	O
Wikisource	O
,	O
both	O
of	O
which	O
post	O
many	O
books	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
copyright	O
has	O
expired	O
and	O
are	O
thus	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
,	O
ensuring	O
that	O
anyone	O
has	O
free	B-License
,	O
unlimited	O
access	O
to	O
that	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
content	O
are	O
distributed	O
in	O
XML	O
and	O
URL	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Sketchup	I-Application
's	O
3D	O
Warehouse	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
design	O
community	O
centered	O
around	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
's	O
distributed	O
free	B-License
of	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
University	O
of	O
Waterloo	O
Stratford	O
Campus	O
invites	O
students	O
every	O
year	O
to	O
use	O
its	O
three-storey	O
Christie	O
MicroTiles	B-General_Concept
wall	O
as	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
canvas	O
for	O
their	O
creative	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pharmaceuticals	O
–	O
There	O
have	O
been	O
several	O
proposals	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
pharmaceutical	O
development	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
establishment	O
of	O
the	O
Tropical	O
Disease	O
Initiative	O
and	O
the	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Drug	O
Discovery	O
for	O
Malaria	O
Consortium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genomics	O
–	O
The	O
term	O
"	O
open-source	B-Application
genomics	O
"	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
rapid	O
release	O
of	O
sequence	O
data	O
(	O
especially	O
raw	O
reads	O
)	O
and	O
crowdsourced	O
analyses	O
from	O
bioinformaticians	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
that	O
characterised	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
2011	O
E	O
.	O
coli	O
O104:H4	O
outbreak	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenEMR	B-Application
–	O
OpenEMR	B-Application
is	O
an	O
ONC-ATB	O
Ambulatory	O
EHR	O
2011-2012	O
certified	O
electronic	O
health	O
records	O
and	O
medical	O
practice	O
management	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OSOTF	O
is	O
organized	O
under	O
open-source	B-Application
principles	O
–	O
All	O
data	O
and	O
analysis	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
freely	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
entire	O
photovoltaic	O
community	O
and	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Construction	O
–	O
WikiHouse	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
for	O
designing	O
and	O
building	O
houses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Energy	O
research	O
–	O
The	O
Open	O
Energy	O
Modelling	O
Initiative	O
promotes	O
open-source	B-License
models	I-License
and	O
open	O
data	O
in	O
energy	O
research	O
and	O
policy	O
advice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
principles	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
technical	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
digital	B-General_Concept
communication	O
protocols	O
and	O
data	O
storage	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-design	O
–	O
which	O
involves	O
applying	O
open-source	B-Application
methodologies	O
to	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
artifacts	O
and	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
appropriate	O
technology	O
(	O
OSAT	O
)	O
refers	O
to	O
technologies	O
that	O
are	O
designed	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
fashion	O
as	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
application	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
3D	O
printers	O
like	O
the	O
RepRap	O
to	O
manufacture	O
appropriate	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teaching	O
–	O
which	O
involves	O
applying	O
the	O
concepts	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
to	O
instruction	O
using	O
a	O
shared	O
web	O
space	O
as	O
a	O
platform	O
to	O
improve	O
upon	O
learning	O
,	O
organizational	O
,	O
and	O
management	O
challenges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
an	O
Open-source	B-Application
courseware	O
is	O
the	O
Java	O
Education	O
&	O
Development	O
Initiative	O
(	O
JEDI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
university	O
level	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
open-source-appropriate	O
technology	O
classroom	O
projects	O
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
be	O
successful	O
in	O
forging	O
the	O
connection	O
between	O
science/engineering	O
and	O
social	O
benefit	O
:	O
This	O
approach	O
has	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
use	O
university	O
students	O
 '	O
access	O
to	O
resources	O
and	O
testing	O
equipment	O
in	O
furthering	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
appropriate	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
few	O
examples	O
of	O
business	O
information	O
(	O
methodologies	O
,	O
advice	O
,	O
guidance	O
,	O
practices	O
)	O
using	O
the	O
open-source	B-License
model	I-License
,	O
although	O
this	O
is	O
another	O
case	O
where	O
the	O
potential	O
is	O
enormous	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ITIL	O
is	O
close	O
to	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open-source	B-Application
group	O
emerged	O
in	O
2012	O
that	O
is	O
attempting	O
to	O
design	O
a	O
firearm	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
downloaded	O
from	O
the	O
internet	O
and	O
"	O
printed	O
"	O
on	O
a	O
3D	O
Printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Agrecol	O
,	O
a	O
German	O
NGO	O
has	O
developed	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
licence	O
for	O
seeds	O
operating	O
with	O
copyleft	B-License
and	O
created	O
OpenSourceSeeds	O
as	O
a	O
respective	O
service	O
provider	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Ecology	O
,	O
farm	O
equipment	O
and	O
global	O
village	O
construction	O
kit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
(	O
FOSS	B-License
)	O
or	O
free/libre	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
(	O
FLOSS	B-License
)	O
is	O
openly	O
shared	B-License
source	I-License
code	O
that	O
is	O
licensed	O
without	O
any	O
restrictions	O
on	O
usage	O
,	O
modification	O
,	O
or	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Confusion	O
persists	O
about	O
this	O
definition	O
because	O
the	O
"	O
free	B-License
"	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
libre	O
"	O
,	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
freedom	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
,	O
not	O
the	O
price	O
,	O
expense	O
,	O
cost	O
,	O
or	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
"	O
being	O
free	B-License
to	O
speak	O
"	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
"	O
free	B-License
beer	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
argues	O
the	O
"	O
obvious	O
meaning	O
"	O
of	O
term	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
public/accessible	O
for	O
inspection	O
,	O
without	O
necessarily	O
any	O
other	O
rights	O
granted	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
proponents	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
say	O
the	O
conditions	O
in	O
the	B-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
must	O
be	O
fulfilled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Free	B-License
and	O
open	O
"	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
public	O
ownership	O
(	O
state	O
ownership	O
)	O
,	O
deprivatization	O
(	O
nationalization	O
)	O
,	O
anti-privatization	O
(	O
anti-corporate	O
activism	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
transparent	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
,	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
refers	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
for	O
use	O
for	O
any	O
(	O
including	O
commercial	O
)	O
purpose	O
,	O
or	O
modification	O
from	O
its	O
original	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
code	O
is	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
collaborative	O
effort	O
,	O
where	O
programmers	O
improve	O
upon	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
and	O
share	O
the	O
changes	O
within	O
the	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
is	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
a	O
software	B-License
license	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
MapGuide	B-Application
Open	I-Application
Source	I-Application
,	O
a	O
web-based	O
map-making	O
platform	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
deploy	O
web	O
mapping	O
applications	O
and	O
geospatial	O
web	O
services	O
(	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
OpenStreetMap	O
(	O
OSM	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
collaborative	B-Architecture
project	I-Architecture
to	O
create	O
a	O
free	B-License
editable	O
map	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-design	O
movement	O
,	O
development	O
of	O
physical	O
products	O
,	O
machines	O
and	O
systems	O
via	O
publicly	O
shared	O
design	O
information	O
,	O
including	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
and	O
open-source	B-Application
hardware	O
,	O
among	O
many	O
others	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Seed	O
Initiative	O
,	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
varieties	O
of	O
crop	O
seeds	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
patent-protected	O
seeds	O
sold	O
by	O
large	O
agriculture	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Algorithm
intelligence	I-Algorithm
,	O
an	O
intelligence	O
gathering	O
discipline	O
based	O
on	O
information	O
collected	O
from	O
open	B-License
sources	I-License
(	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
open-source	B-Application
artificial	O
intelligence	O
such	O
as	O
Mycroft	B-Device
(	O
software	O
)	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
culture	O
in	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
resulted	O
from	O
a	O
growing	O
tension	O
between	O
creative	O
practices	O
that	O
involve	O
require	O
access	O
to	O
content	O
that	O
is	O
often	O
copyrighted	O
,	O
and	O
restrictive	O
intellectual	O
property	O
laws	O
and	O
policies	O
governing	O
access	O
to	O
copyrighted	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
main	O
ways	O
in	O
which	O
intellectual	O
property	O
laws	O
became	O
more	O
restrictive	O
in	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
were	O
extensions	O
to	O
the	O
term	O
of	O
copyright	O
(	O
particularly	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
)	O
and	O
penalties	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
articulated	O
in	O
the	O
Digital	B-General_Concept
Millennium	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
(	O
DMCA	O
)	O
,	O
placed	O
on	O
attempts	O
to	O
circumvent	O
anti-piracy	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
an	O
"	O
open-source	B-Application
"	O
culture	O
runs	O
parallel	O
to	O
"	O
Free	B-Application
Culture	I-Application
,	O
"	O
but	O
is	O
substantively	O
different	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	B-Application
culture	I-Application
is	O
a	O
term	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
free	B-License
software	O
movement	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
that	O
vision	O
of	O
culture	O
,	O
proponents	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
culture	O
(	O
OSC	O
)	O
maintain	O
that	O
some	O
intellectual	O
property	O
law	O
needs	O
to	O
exist	O
to	O
protect	O
cultural	O
producers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sites	O
such	O
as	O
ccMixter	O
offer	O
up	O
free	B-License
web	O
space	O
for	O
anyone	O
willing	O
to	O
license	O
their	O
work	O
under	O
a	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
cultural	O
product	O
is	O
then	O
available	O
to	O
download	O
free	B-License
(	O
generally	O
accessible	O
)	O
to	O
anyone	O
with	O
an	O
Internet	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
opposed	O
to	O
traditional	O
media	O
distribution	O
,	O
redistributing	O
digital	B-General_Concept
media	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
can	O
be	O
virtually	O
costless	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technologies	O
such	O
as	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
and	O
Gnutella	B-Protocol
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
various	O
characteristics	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
protocol	O
(	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
)	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
totally	O
decentralize	O
file	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	O
politics	O
(	O
sometimes	O
known	O
as	O
Open-source	B-Application
politics	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
political	O
process	O
that	O
uses	O
Internet	B-Protocol
technologies	I-Protocol
such	O
as	O
blogs	O
,	O
email	O
and	O
polling	O
to	O
provide	O
for	O
a	O
rapid	O
feedback	O
mechanism	O
between	O
political	O
organizations	O
and	O
their	O
supporters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
an	O
alternative	O
conception	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
Open-source	B-Application
politics	O
which	O
relates	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
public	O
policy	O
under	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
rules	O
and	O
processes	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
governance	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
open-source	B-Application
politics	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
applies	O
more	O
to	O
the	O
democratic	O
process	O
and	O
promotes	O
the	O
freedom	O
of	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
political	O
campaigns	O
refer	O
specifically	O
to	O
political	O
campaigns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
South	O
Korean	O
government	O
wants	O
to	O
increase	O
its	O
use	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
,	O
to	O
decrease	O
its	O
dependence	O
on	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
plans	O
to	O
make	O
open	O
standards	O
a	O
requirement	O
,	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
government	O
to	O
choose	O
between	O
multiple	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
and	O
web	O
browsers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Korea	O
's	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Science	O
,	O
ICT	O
&	O
Future	O
Planning	O
is	O
also	O
preparing	O
ten	O
pilots	O
on	O
using	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
distributions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
ethics	O
is	O
split	O
into	O
two	O
strands	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
ethics	O
as	O
an	O
ethical	O
school	O
–	O
Charles	O
Ess	O
and	O
David	O
Berry	O
are	O
researching	O
whether	O
ethics	O
can	O
learn	O
anything	O
from	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ess	O
famously	O
even	O
defined	O
the	O
AoIR	O
Research	O
Guidelines	O
as	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
ethics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
ethics	O
as	O
a	O
professional	O
body	O
of	O
rules	O
–	O
This	O
is	O
based	O
principally	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
ethics	O
school	O
,	O
studying	O
the	O
questions	O
of	O
ethics	O
and	O
professionalism	O
in	O
the	O
computer	O
industry	O
in	O
general	O
and	O
software	O
development	O
in	O
particular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Irish	O
philosopher	O
Richard	O
Kearney	O
has	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
open-source	B-Application
Hinduism	O
"	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
way	O
historical	O
figures	O
such	O
as	O
Mohandas	O
Gandhi	O
and	O
Swami	O
Vivekananda	O
worked	O
upon	O
this	O
ancient	O
tradition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
journalism	O
formerly	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
standard	O
journalistic	O
techniques	O
of	O
news	O
gathering	O
and	O
fact	O
checking	O
,	O
reflecting	O
open-source	B-Algorithm
intelligence	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
similar	O
term	O
used	O
in	O
military	O
intelligence	O
circles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Now	O
,	O
open-source	B-Application
journalism	O
commonly	O
refers	O
to	O
forms	O
of	O
innovative	O
publishing	O
of	O
online	O
journalism	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
sourcing	O
of	O
news	O
stories	O
by	O
a	O
professional	O
journalist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
25	O
December	O
2006	O
issue	O
of	O
TIME	O
magazine	O
this	O
is	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
user	O
created	O
content	O
and	O
listed	O
alongside	O
more	O
traditional	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
such	O
as	O
OpenSolaris	B-Operating_System
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weblogs	O
,	O
or	O
blogs	O
,	O
are	O
another	O
significant	O
platform	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blogs	O
consist	O
of	O
periodic	O
,	O
reverse	O
chronologically	O
ordered	O
posts	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
technology	O
that	O
makes	O
webpages	O
easily	O
updatable	O
with	O
no	O
understanding	O
of	O
design	O
,	O
code	O
,	O
or	O
file	B-Protocol
transfer	I-Protocol
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
LiveJournal	B-Application
or	O
WordPress	B-Application
,	O
use	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
is	O
open	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
modified	O
by	O
users	O
to	O
fit	O
their	O
own	O
tastes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Messageboards	B-Application
are	O
another	O
platform	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Messageboards	B-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
discussion	B-Application
boards	I-Application
or	O
forums	O
)	O
,	O
are	O
places	O
online	O
where	O
people	O
with	O
similar	O
interests	O
can	O
congregate	O
and	O
post	O
messages	O
for	O
the	O
community	O
to	O
read	O
and	O
respond	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Messageboards	B-Application
sometimes	O
have	O
moderators	O
who	O
enforce	O
community	O
standards	O
of	O
etiquette	O
such	O
as	O
banning	O
spammers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
messageboards	B-Application
use	O
phpBB	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
free	B-License
open-source	B-Application
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
blogs	O
are	O
more	O
about	O
individual	O
expression	O
and	O
tend	O
to	O
revolve	O
around	O
their	O
authors	O
,	O
messageboards	B-Application
are	O
about	O
creating	O
a	O
conversation	O
amongst	O
its	O
users	O
where	O
information	O
can	O
be	O
shared	O
freely	O
and	O
quickly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Messageboards	B-Application
are	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
remove	O
intermediaries	O
from	O
everyday	O
life	O
—	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
relying	O
on	O
commercials	O
and	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
advertising	O
,	O
one	O
can	O
ask	O
other	O
users	O
for	O
frank	O
reviews	O
of	O
a	O
product	O
,	O
movie	O
or	O
CD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
removing	O
the	O
cultural	O
middlemen	O
,	O
messageboards	B-Application
help	O
speed	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
information	O
and	O
exchange	O
of	O
ideas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenDocument	B-Application
is	O
an	O
open	B-Application
document	I-Application
file	O
format	O
for	O
saving	O
and	O
exchanging	O
editable	O
office	O
documents	O
such	O
as	O
text	O
documents	O
(	O
including	O
memos	O
,	O
reports	O
,	O
and	O
books	O
)	O
,	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
,	O
charts	O
,	O
and	O
presentations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organizations	O
and	O
individuals	O
that	O
store	O
their	O
data	O
in	O
an	O
open	O
format	O
such	O
as	O
OpenDocument	B-Application
avoid	O
being	O
locked	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
software	O
vendor	O
,	O
leaving	O
them	O
free	B-License
to	O
switch	O
software	O
if	O
their	O
current	O
vendor	O
goes	O
out	O
of	O
business	O
,	O
raises	O
their	O
prices	O
,	O
changes	O
their	O
software	O
,	O
or	O
changes	O
their	O
licensing	B-License
terms	O
to	O
something	O
less	O
favorable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
movie	O
production	O
is	O
either	O
an	O
open	O
call	O
system	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
changing	O
crew	O
and	O
cast	O
collaborate	O
in	O
movie	O
production	O
,	O
a	O
system	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
result	O
is	O
made	O
available	O
for	O
re-use	O
by	O
others	O
or	O
in	O
which	O
exclusively	O
open-source	B-Application
products	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2006	O
movie	O
Elephants	O
Dream	O
is	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
"	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
open	O
movie	O
"	O
,	O
created	O
entirely	O
using	O
open-source	B-License
technology	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open-source	B-Application
documentary	O
film	O
has	O
a	O
production	O
process	O
allowing	O
the	O
open	O
contributions	O
of	O
archival	O
material	O
footage	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
filmic	O
elements	O
,	O
both	O
in	O
unedited	O
and	O
edited	O
form	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
crowdsourcing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
open-source	B-Application
documentary	O
film	O
is	O
the	O
non-profit	O
WBCN	O
and	O
the	O
American	O
Revolution	O
,	O
which	O
went	O
into	O
development	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
examine	O
the	O
role	O
media	O
played	O
in	O
the	O
cultural	O
,	O
social	O
and	O
political	O
changes	O
from	O
1968	O
to	O
1974	O
through	O
the	O
story	O
of	O
radio	O
station	O
WBCN-FM	O
in	O
Boston	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Cinema	O
is	O
a	O
website	O
to	O
create	O
Basement	O
Tapes	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
documentary	O
about	O
copyright	O
in	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
age	O
,	O
co-produced	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Film	O
Board	O
of	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
film-making	O
refers	O
to	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
film-making	O
that	O
takes	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
idea	O
formation	O
from	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
but	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
the	O
'	O
source	O
 '	O
for	O
a	O
filmmaker	O
is	O
raw	O
unedited	O
footage	O
rather	O
than	O
programming	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-IPTV	O
uses	O
the	O
Internet	O
or	O
other	O
means	O
to	O
pool	O
efforts	O
and	O
resources	O
together	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
online	B-Architecture
community	I-Architecture
that	O
all	O
contributes	O
to	O
a	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proponents	O
of	O
this	O
view	O
have	O
hailed	O
the	O
Connexions	O
Project	O
at	O
Rice	O
University	O
,	O
OpenCourseWare	O
project	O
at	O
MIT	O
,	O
Eugene	O
Thacker	O
's	O
article	O
on	O
"	O
open-source	B-Application
DNA	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Cultural	O
Database	O
"	O
,	O
Salman	O
Khan	O
's	O
Khan	O
Academy	O
and	O
Wikipedia	O
as	O
examples	O
of	O
applying	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
outside	O
the	O
realm	O
of	O
computer	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
curricula	O
are	O
instructional	O
resources	O
whose	O
digital	B-General_Concept
source	O
can	O
be	O
freely	O
used	O
,	O
distributed	O
and	O
modified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
sharing	O
software	O
openly	O
in	O
scientific	O
endeavours	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
increasing	O
interest	O
in	O
making	O
the	O
outputs	O
of	O
research	O
projects	O
available	O
under	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
UK	O
the	O
Joint	O
Information	O
Systems	O
Committee	O
(	O
JISC	O
)	O
has	O
developed	O
a	O
policy	O
on	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
JISC	O
also	O
funds	O
a	O
development	O
service	O
called	O
OSS	O
Watch	O
which	O
acts	O
as	O
an	O
advisory	O
service	O
for	O
higher	O
and	O
further	O
education	O
institutions	O
wishing	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
contribute	O
to	O
and	O
develop	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
principle	O
of	O
sharing	O
pre-dates	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
movement	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
free	B-License
sharing	O
of	O
information	O
has	O
been	O
institutionalized	O
in	O
the	O
scientific	O
enterprise	O
since	O
at	O
least	O
the	O
19th	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
principles	O
have	O
always	O
been	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
scientific	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
tradition	O
of	O
publishing	O
research	O
results	O
to	O
the	O
scientific	O
community	O
instead	O
of	O
keeping	O
all	O
such	O
knowledge	O
proprietary	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
recent	O
initiatives	O
in	O
scientific	O
publishing	O
has	O
been	O
open	O
access	O
—	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
research	O
should	O
be	O
published	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
free	B-License
and	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
currently	O
many	O
open	O
access	O
journals	O
where	O
the	O
information	O
is	O
available	O
free	B-License
online	O
,	O
however	O
most	O
journals	O
do	O
charge	O
a	O
fee	O
(	O
either	O
to	O
users	O
or	O
libraries	O
for	O
access	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Budapest	O
Open	O
Access	O
Initiative	O
is	O
an	O
international	O
effort	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
making	O
all	O
research	O
articles	O
available	O
free	B-License
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
policy	O
would	O
provide	O
a	O
free	B-License
,	O
searchable	O
resource	O
of	O
NIH-funded	O
results	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
and	O
with	O
other	O
international	O
repositories	O
six	O
months	O
after	O
its	O
initial	O
publication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
NGO	O
communities	O
are	O
starting	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
open-source	B-License
technology	I-License
as	O
a	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Youth	O
Network	B-Architecture
started	O
in	O
2007	O
in	O
Lisboa	O
by	O
ISCA	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Eclipse	B-Application
platform	I-Application
is	O
openly	O
presenting	O
itself	O
as	O
an	O
Open	O
innovation	O
network	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Russian	O
music	O
composer	O
,	O
scientist	O
and	O
Russian	O
Pirate	O
Party	O
member	O
Victor	O
Argonov	O
presented	O
detailed	O
raw	O
files	O
of	O
his	O
electronic	O
opera	O
"	O
2032	O
"	O
under	O
free	B-License
license	I-License
CC	O
BY-NC	O
3.0	O
(	O
later	O
relicensed	O
under	O
CC	O
BY-SA	O
4.0	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
opera	O
was	O
originally	O
composed	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
2007	O
by	O
Russian	O
label	O
MC	O
Entertainment	O
as	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
,	O
but	O
then	O
the	O
author	O
changed	O
its	O
status	O
to	O
free	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
blog	O
he	O
said	O
that	O
he	O
decided	O
to	O
open	O
raw	O
files	O
(	O
including	O
wav	O
,	O
midi	O
and	O
other	O
used	O
formats	O
)	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
to	O
support	O
worldwide	O
pirate	O
actions	O
against	O
SOPA	B-Application
and	O
PIPA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Internet	O
resources	O
called	O
"	O
2032	O
"	O
the	O
first	O
open-source	B-Application
musical	O
opera	O
in	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
events	O
and	O
applications	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
via	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
community	O
,	O
and	O
echo	O
the	O
ideologies	O
of	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
movement	O
,	O
include	O
the	O
Open	O
Education	O
Consortium	O
,	O
Project	O
Gutenberg	O
,	O
Synthethic	O
Biology	O
,	O
and	O
Wikipedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	O
Education	O
Consortium	O
is	O
an	O
organization	O
composed	O
of	O
various	O
colleges	O
that	O
support	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
and	O
share	O
some	O
of	O
their	O
material	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
organization	O
,	O
headed	O
by	O
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
,	O
was	O
established	O
to	O
aid	O
in	O
the	O
exchange	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
educational	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
Google	B-Library
Scholar	I-Library
Beta	O
,	O
Project	O
Gutenberg	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
supplier	O
of	O
electronic	O
books	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
free	B-License
library	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
industrialize	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
science	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
some	O
scientists	O
who	O
are	O
trying	O
to	O
build	O
their	O
own	O
brand	O
of	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-access	O
movement	O
is	O
a	O
movement	O
that	O
is	O
similar	O
in	O
ideology	O
to	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-access	O
movement	O
aims	O
to	O
eliminate	O
subscription	O
fees	O
and	O
licensing	B-License
restrictions	O
of	O
academic	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free-culture	B-Application
movement	I-Application
is	O
a	O
movement	O
that	O
seeks	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
culture	O
that	O
engages	O
in	O
collective	O
freedom	O
via	O
freedom	O
of	O
expression	O
,	O
free	B-License
public	O
access	B-Application
to	I-Application
knowledge	I-Application
and	O
information	O
,	O
full	O
demonstration	O
of	O
creativity	O
and	O
innovation	O
in	O
various	O
arenas	O
,	O
and	O
promotion	O
of	O
citizen	O
liberties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Creative	O
Commons	O
is	O
an	O
organization	O
that	O
"	O
develops	O
,	O
supports	O
,	O
and	O
stewards	O
legal	O
and	O
technical	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
maximizes	O
digital	B-General_Concept
creativity	O
,	O
sharing	O
,	O
and	O
innovation.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zeitgeist	O
Movement	O
(	O
TZM	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
international	O
social	O
movement	O
that	O
advocates	O
a	O
transition	O
into	O
a	O
sustainable	O
"	O
resource-based	O
economy	O
"	O
based	O
on	O
collaboration	O
in	O
which	O
monetary	O
incentives	O
are	O
replaced	O
by	O
commons-based	O
ones	O
with	O
everyone	O
having	O
access	O
to	O
everything	O
(	O
from	O
code	O
to	O
products	O
)	O
as	O
in	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
everything	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
its	O
activism	O
and	O
events	O
are	O
typically	O
focused	O
on	O
media	O
and	O
education	O
,	O
TZM	O
is	O
a	O
major	O
supporter	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
projects	O
worldwide	O
since	O
they	O
allow	O
for	O
uninhibited	O
advancement	O
of	O
science	O
and	O
technology	O
,	O
independent	O
of	O
constraints	O
posed	O
by	O
institutions	O
of	O
patenting	O
and	O
capitalist	O
investment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
objectives	O
incorporate	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
movement	O
,	O
whose	O
principles	O
are	O
integrated	O
in	O
a	O
larger	O
socio-economic	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
