<s>
Open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
open	O
production	O
,	O
maker	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
the	O
slogan	O
"	O
Design	O
Global	O
,	O
Manufacture	O
Local	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
new	O
model	O
of	O
socioeconomic	O
production	O
in	O
which	O
physical	O
objects	O
are	O
produced	O
in	O
an	O
open	O
,	O
collaborative	O
and	O
distributed	O
manner	O
and	O
based	O
on	O
open	O
design	O
and	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
principles	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
combines	O
the	O
following	O
elements	O
of	O
a	O
production	O
process	O
:	O
new	O
open	O
production	O
tools	O
and	O
methods	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
3D	O
printers	O
)	O
,	O
new	O
value-based	O
movements	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
maker	O
movement	O
)	O
,	O
new	O
institutions	O
and	O
networks	O
for	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
production	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
FabLabs	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
methods	O
,	O
software	O
and	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
may	O
also	O
include	O
digital	O
modeling	O
and	O
fabrication	O
and	O
computer	O
numeric	O
control	O
(	O
CNC	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
machines	O
used	O
for	O
production	O
through	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
philosophy	O
of	O
open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
is	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
open-source	B-License
movement	O
,	O
but	O
aims	O
at	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
physical	O
products	O
rather	O
than	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
is	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
notion	O
of	O
democratizing	O
technology	O
as	O
embodied	O
in	O
the	O
maker	O
culture	O
,	O
the	O
DIY	O
ethic	O
,	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
appropriate	O
technology	O
movement	O
,	O
the	O
Fablab-network	O
and	O
other	O
rooms	O
for	O
grassroot	O
innovation	O
such	O
as	O
hackerspaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
openness	O
of	O
"	O
open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
"	O
may	O
relate	O
to	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
(	O
open	O
design	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
production	O
machines	O
and	O
methods	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
open	B-License
source	I-License
3D-printers	O
,	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
CNC	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
production	O
and	O
innovation	O
(	O
commons-based	O
peer	O
production	O
/	O
collaborative	O
/	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
new	O
forms	O
of	O
value	O
creation	O
(	O
network-based	O
bottom-up	O
or	O
hybrid	O
versus	O
business-centric	O
top	O
down	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
points	O
are	O
seen	O
as	O
key	O
implications	O
of	O
open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
socioeconomic	O
development	O
,	O
open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
path	O
towards	O
a	O
more	O
sustainable	O
industrialization	O
on	O
a	O
global	O
scale	O
,	O
that	O
promotes	O
"	O
social	O
sustainability	O
"	O
and	O
provides	O
the	O
opportunity	O
to	O
shift	O
to	O
a	O
"	O
collaboration-oriented	O
industrialization	O
driven	O
by	O
stakeholders	O
from	O
countries	O
with	O
different	O
development	O
status	O
connected	O
in	O
a	O
global	O
value	O
creation	O
at	O
eye	O
level	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
such	O
a	O
context	O
,	O
open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
is	O
strongly	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
broader	O
concept	O
of	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Appropriate	O
Technology	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
scholar	O
Michel	O
Bauwens	O
,	O
Open	B-Device
Manufacturing	I-Device
is	O
"	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
peer	O
production	O
to	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
physical	O
production	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
policy	O
paper	O
commissioned	O
by	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
uses	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
maker	O
manufacturing	O
"	O
and	O
positions	O
it	O
between	O
social	O
innovation	O
,	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
ICT	O
and	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
factors	O
are	O
seen	O
to	O
hamper	O
the	O
broad-based	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
model	O
of	O
"	O
open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
"	O
and	O
/	O
or	O
to	O
realize	O
its	O
positive	O
implications	O
for	O
more	O
sustainable	O
global	O
production	O
pattern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
problems	O
include	O
missing	O
or	O
inadequate	O
systems	O
of	O
quality	O
control	O
,	O
the	O
persistent	O
paradigm	O
of	O
high-volume	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
its	O
cost-efficiency	O
,	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
widely	O
adopted	O
platforms	O
to	O
share	O
hardware	O
designs	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
challenges	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
joint-ownership	O
paradigm	O
behind	O
the	O
open	O
licences	O
of	O
open	B-Device
manufacturing	I-Device
and	O
the	O
fact	O
,	O
that	O
hardware	O
is	O
much	O
more	O
difficult	O
to	O
share	O
and	O
to	O
standardize	O
than	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RepRap	O
Project	O
,	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
self-copying	O
3D	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
