<s>
Open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
is	O
any	O
"	O
system	O
of	O
innovation	O
or	O
production	O
that	O
relies	O
on	O
goal-oriented	O
yet	O
loosely	O
coordinated	O
participants	O
who	O
interact	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
product	O
(	O
or	O
service	O
)	O
of	O
economic	O
value	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
contributors	O
and	O
noncontributors	O
alike.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
prominently	O
observed	O
in	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
but	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
many	O
other	O
instances	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
Internet	B-Application
forums	I-Application
,	O
mailing	O
lists	O
and	O
online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
is	O
also	O
thought	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
operating	O
principle	O
underlining	O
a	O
gamut	O
of	O
diverse	O
ventures	O
,	O
example	O
including	O
bitcoin	B-Protocol
,	O
TEDx	O
,	O
and	O
Wikipedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Juliet	O
Schor	O
noted	O
that	O
"	O
a	O
clear	O
definition	O
of	O
technology-mediated	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
might	O
be	O
difficult	O
to	O
pin	O
down	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
define	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
as	O
collaboration	O
based	O
on	O
three	O
principles	O
of	O
egalitarianism	O
,	O
meritocracy	O
,	O
and	O
self-organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Levine	O
and	O
Piretula	O
define	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
as	O
"	O
any	O
system	O
of	O
innovation	O
or	O
production	O
that	O
relies	O
on	O
goal-oriented	O
yet	O
loosely	O
coordinated	O
participants	O
who	O
interact	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
product	O
(	O
or	O
service	O
)	O
of	O
economic	O
value	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
make	O
available	O
to	O
contributors	O
and	O
noncontributors	O
alike.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
elements	O
—	O
goods	O
of	O
economic	O
value	O
,	O
open	O
access	O
to	O
contribute	O
and	O
consume	O
,	O
interaction	O
and	O
exchange	O
,	O
purposeful	O
yet	O
loosely	O
coordinated	O
work	O
—	O
are	O
present	O
in	O
an	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
project	O
,	O
in	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
a	O
user	O
forum	O
or	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
instances	O
of	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
,	O
anyone	O
can	O
contribute	O
and	O
anyone	O
can	O
freely	O
partake	O
in	O
the	O
fruits	O
of	O
sharing	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
produced	O
by	O
interacting	O
participants	O
who	O
are	O
loosely	O
coordinated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
is	O
the	O
principle	O
underlying	O
peer	O
production	O
,	O
and	O
mass	O
collaboration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
observed	O
initially	O
in	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
popularized	O
by	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
's	O
GNU	B-Application
Manifesto	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
many	O
other	O
instances	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
Internet	B-Application
forums	I-Application
,	O
mailing	O
lists	O
,	O
Internet	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
many	O
instances	O
of	O
open	O
content	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
creative	O
commons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
annual	O
conference	O
dedicated	O
to	O
the	O
research	O
and	O
practice	O
of	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
is	O
the	O
International	O
Symposium	O
on	O
Open	B-Application
Collaboration	I-Application
(	O
OpenSym	O
,	O
formerly	O
WikiSym	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
per	O
its	O
website	O
,	O
the	O
group	O
defines	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
as	O
"	O
collaboration	O
that	O
is	O
egalitarian	O
(	O
everyone	O
can	O
join	O
,	O
no	O
principled	O
or	O
artificial	O
barriers	O
to	O
participation	O
exist	O
)	O
,	O
meritocratic	O
(	O
decisions	O
and	O
status	O
are	O
merit-based	O
rather	O
than	O
imposed	O
)	O
and	O
self-organizing	O
(	O
processes	O
adapt	O
to	O
people	O
rather	O
than	O
people	O
adapt	O
to	O
pre-defined	O
processes	O
)	O
.	O
"	O
</s>
