<s>
The	O
Open	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Foundation	I-Application
(	O
OSF	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
not-for-profit	O
industry	B-Application
consortium	I-Application
for	O
creating	O
an	O
open	O
standard	O
for	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
formed	O
in	O
1988	O
and	O
merged	O
with	O
X/Open	O
in	O
1996	O
,	O
to	O
become	O
The	B-Application
Open	I-Application
Group	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
similarities	O
in	O
name	O
,	O
OSF	O
was	O
unrelated	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	O
,	O
also	O
based	O
in	O
Cambridge	O
,	O
Massachusetts	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
Open	O
Source	O
Initiative	O
(	O
OSI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
organization	O
was	O
first	O
proposed	O
by	O
Armando	O
Stettner	O
of	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
(	O
DEC	O
)	O
at	O
an	O
invitation-only	O
meeting	O
hosted	O
by	O
DEC	O
for	O
several	O
Unix	B-Application
system	I-Application
vendors	O
in	O
January	O
1988	O
(	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
Hamilton	O
Group	O
"	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
meeting	O
was	O
held	O
at	O
DEC	O
's	O
offices	O
on	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
's	O
Hamilton	O
Avenue	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
intended	O
as	O
an	O
organization	O
for	O
joint	O
development	O
,	O
mostly	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
perceived	O
threat	O
of	O
"	O
merged	O
UNIX	B-Application
system	I-Application
"	O
efforts	O
by	O
AT&T	O
Corporation	O
and	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
organization	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
collaboration	O
between	O
AT&T	O
and	O
Sun	O
on	O
UNIX	B-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
V	I-Operating_System
Release	O
4	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
fear	O
that	O
other	O
vendors	O
would	O
be	O
locked	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
standardization	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
competition	O
between	O
the	O
opposing	O
versions	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
systems	I-Application
became	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
wars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AT&T	O
founded	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
International	O
(	O
UI	O
)	O
project	O
management	O
organization	O
later	O
that	O
year	O
as	O
a	O
counter-response	O
to	O
the	O
OSF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unix	B-Application
System	I-Application
Laboratories	O
(	O
USL	O
)	O
filled	O
the	O
software	O
development	O
role	O
,	O
and	O
UI	O
was	O
based	O
in	O
Parsippany-Troy	O
Hills	O
,	O
New	O
Jersey	O
to	O
be	O
close	O
to	O
USL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
executive	O
staff	O
of	O
the	O
Open	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Foundation	I-Application
included	O
David	O
Tory	O
,	O
President	O
,	O
formerly	O
of	O
Computer	O
Associates	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Norma	O
Clarke	O
,	O
Vice-President	O
Human	O
Resources	O
formerly	O
of	O
Mitre	O
;	O
Marty	O
Ford	O
,	O
Vice-President	O
Finance	O
,	O
formerly	O
of	O
DEC	O
;	O
Ira	O
Goldstein	O
,	O
Vice-President	O
Research	O
Institute	O
,	O
formerly	O
of	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
;	O
Roger	O
Gourd	O
,	O
Vice-President	O
Engineering	O
,	O
formerly	O
of	O
DEC	O
;	O
Alex	O
Morrow	O
,	O
Vice-President	O
Strategy	O
,	O
formerly	O
of	O
IBM	O
;	O
Donal	O
O'Shea	O
,	O
Vice-President	O
of	O
Operations	O
,	O
formerly	O
of	O
UniSoft	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSF	O
's	O
Unix	B-Application
reference	O
implementation	O
was	O
named	O
OSF/1	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
founding	O
of	O
the	O
organization	O
,	O
the	O
AIX	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
was	O
provided	O
by	O
IBM	O
and	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
passed-through	O
to	O
the	O
member	O
companies	O
of	O
OSF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
Unix	B-Application
reference	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
using	O
components	O
from	O
across	O
the	O
industry	O
would	O
be	O
released	O
on	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
platforms	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
its	O
portability	O
and	O
vendor	O
neutrality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
incorporated	O
technology	O
from	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
:	O
the	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
2.5	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
;	O
from	O
IBM	O
,	O
the	O
journaled	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
and	O
commands	O
and	O
libraries	B-Library
;	O
from	O
SecureWare	O
secure	O
core	O
components	O
;	O
from	O
Berkeley	B-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Distribution	I-Operating_System
(	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
)	O
the	O
computer	B-Architecture
networking	I-Architecture
stack	O
;	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
management	O
system	O
invented	O
at	O
OSF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
time	O
OSF	O
stopped	O
development	O
of	O
OSF/1	B-Operating_System
in	O
1996	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
major	O
Unix	B-Application
system	I-Application
vendor	O
using	O
the	O
complete	O
OSF/1	B-Operating_System
package	O
was	O
Digital	O
(	O
DEC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
rebranded	O
it	O
Digital	B-Operating_System
UNIX	I-Operating_System
(	O
later	O
renamed	O
Tru64	B-Operating_System
UNIX	I-Operating_System
after	O
Digital	O
's	O
acquisition	O
by	O
Compaq	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
other	O
Unix	B-Application
vendors	O
licensed	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
to	O
include	O
various	O
components	O
of	O
OSF/1	B-Operating_System
in	O
their	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
software	O
vendors	O
also	O
licensed	O
OSF/1	B-Operating_System
including	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parts	O
of	O
OSF/1	B-Operating_System
were	O
contained	O
in	O
so	O
many	O
versions	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
that	O
it	O
may	O
have	O
been	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
deployed	O
Unix	B-Application
product	O
ever	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
technologies	O
developed	O
by	O
OSF	O
include	O
Motif	B-Application
and	O
Distributed	B-Operating_System
Computing	I-Operating_System
Environment	I-Operating_System
(	O
DCE	O
)	O
,	O
respectively	O
a	O
widget	B-Library
toolkit	I-Library
and	O
package	O
of	O
distributed	O
network	O
computing	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Motif	B-Application
toolkit	I-Application
was	O
adopted	O
as	O
a	O
formal	O
standard	O
within	O
the	O
Institute	O
of	O
Electrical	O
and	O
Electronics	O
Engineers	O
(	O
IEEE	O
)	O
as	O
P1295	O
in	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Filling	O
out	O
the	O
initial	O
(	O
and	O
what	O
turned	O
out	O
to	O
be	O
final	O
)	O
five	O
technologies	O
from	O
OSF	O
were	O
DME	O
,	O
the	O
Distributed	O
Management	O
Environment	O
and	O
ANDF	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Architecturally	O
Neutral	O
Distribution	O
Format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technologies	O
which	O
were	O
produced	O
primarily	O
by	O
OSF	O
included	O
ODE	O
,	O
the	O
Open	O
Development	O
Environment	O
-	O
a	O
flexible	O
development	O
,	O
build	O
and	O
source	O
control	O
environment	O
;	O
TET	O
,	O
the	O
Test	O
Environment	O
Toolkit	O
-	O
an	O
open	O
framework	O
for	O
building	O
and	O
executing	O
automated	O
test	O
cases	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
OSF/1	B-Operating_System
MK	O
from	O
the	O
OSF	B-Application
Research	I-Application
Institute	I-Application
based	O
on	O
the	O
Mach3.0	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
TET	O
was	O
produced	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
collaboration	O
between	O
OSF	O
,	O
UNIX	B-Application
International	O
and	O
the	O
X/Open	O
Consortium	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1993	O
,	O
it	O
had	O
become	O
clear	O
that	O
the	O
greater	O
threat	O
to	O
UNIX	B-Application
system	I-Application
vendors	O
was	O
not	O
each	O
other	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
the	O
increasing	O
presence	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
enterprise	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
,	O
the	O
Common	B-Operating_System
Open	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Environment	I-Operating_System
(	O
COSE	O
)	O
initiative	O
was	O
announced	O
by	O
the	O
major	O
players	O
in	O
the	O
UNIX	B-Application
world	O
from	O
both	O
the	O
UI	O
and	O
OSF	O
camps	O
:	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Sun	O
,	O
Unix	B-Application
System	I-Application
Laboratories	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Santa	O
Cruz	O
Operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
this	O
agreement	O
,	O
Sun	O
and	O
AT&T	O
became	O
OSF	O
sponsor	O
members	O
,	O
OSF	O
submitted	O
Motif	B-Application
to	O
the	O
X/Open	O
Consortium	B-Application
for	O
certification	O
and	O
branding	O
and	O
Novell	O
passed	O
control	O
and	O
licensing	O
of	O
the	O
UNIX	B-Application
trademark	O
to	O
the	O
X/Open	O
Consortium	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
assumed	O
responsibility	O
for	O
future	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
COSE	O
initiative	O
's	O
Common	B-Application
Desktop	I-Application
Environment	I-Application
(	O
CDE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1995	O
,	O
the	O
merger	O
of	O
OSF/Motif	B-Application
and	O
CDE	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
project	O
,	O
CDE/Motif	O
,	O
was	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
1996	O
OSF	O
merged	O
with	O
X/Open	O
to	O
become	O
The	B-Application
Open	I-Application
Group	I-Application
.	O
</s>
