<s>
Open	B-Protocol
Root	I-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
Network	I-Protocol
(	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
)	O
was	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
root	B-Application
nameservers	I-Application
for	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
DNS	B-Protocol
root	I-Protocol
zone	I-Protocol
information	O
was	O
kept	O
in	O
synchronization	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
official	O
"	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
root	B-Application
nameservers	I-Application
coordinated	O
by	O
ICANN	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
networks	O
were	O
100%	O
compatible	O
,	O
though	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
was	O
operated	O
independently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
servers	O
were	O
primarily	O
placed	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
is	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
public	O
name	B-Protocol
servers	I-Protocol
,	O
providing	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
access	O
freely	O
for	O
everyone	O
,	O
without	O
any	O
limitation	O
until	O
the	O
project	O
closed	O
in	O
May	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
was	O
primarily	O
started	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
over-dependence	O
of	O
Internet	O
users	O
on	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
Department	O
of	O
Commerce/IANA/ICANN/VeriSign	O
,	O
limit	O
the	O
control	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
that	O
this	O
gives	O
,	O
while	O
ensuring	O
that	O
domain	O
names	O
remain	O
unambiguous	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Markus	O
Grundmann	O
,	O
based	O
in	O
Germany	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
founder	O
of	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
author	O
of	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
distributed	O
system	O
management	O
and	O
monitoring	O
software	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
Vixie	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
designer	O
of	O
BIND	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
software	O
for	O
DNS	B-Protocol
servers	I-Protocol
in	O
UNIX-like	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
high-profile	O
proponent	O
of	O
the	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
Vixie	O
is	O
member	O
of	O
Security	O
and	O
Stability	O
Advisory	O
Committee	O
of	O
ICANN	B-Application
;	O
he	O
served	O
on	O
the	O
board	O
of	O
trustees	O
of	O
the	O
American	O
Registry	O
for	O
Internet	O
Numbers	O
(	O
ARIN	O
)	O
from	O
2005	O
to	O
2013	O
,	O
also	O
as	O
ARIN	O
chairman	O
in	O
2009	O
and	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
has	O
two	O
operating	O
modes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ICANN	B-Application
BASED	O
(	O
default	O
)	O
operating	O
mode	O
involves	O
daily	O
synchronization	O
,	O
except	O
that	O
removed	O
TLDs	O
are	O
not	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
root	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
INDEPENDENT	O
mode	O
has	O
no	O
automatic	O
synchronization	O
and	O
is	O
activated	O
"	O
whenever	O
the	O
political	O
situation	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
-	O
in	O
our	O
opinion	O
-	O
makes	O
this	O
step	O
necessary	O
because	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
a	O
modification	O
and/or	O
a	O
downtime	O
of	O
the	O
ICANN	B-Application
root	O
zone	O
exists	O
or	O
we	O
do	O
not	O
want	O
that	O
our	O
root	O
zone	O
will	O
rebuild	O
automatically.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
operated	O
from	O
February	O
2002	O
until	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
operated	O
again	O
from	O
June	O
2013	O
until	O
May	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Internet	O
service	O
providers	O
in	O
Europe	O
used	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
as	O
a	O
root	O
for	O
their	O
name	B-Protocol
servers	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
's	O
root	B-Application
server	I-Application
system	O
consisted	O
of	O
13	O
root	B-Application
servers	I-Application
,	O
a	O
distributed	O
system	O
connected	O
on	O
a	O
secure	O
VPN	O
,	O
for	O
synchronization	O
and	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
13	O
servers	O
ran	O
on	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
and	O
BIND	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
public	O
DNS	B-Protocol
servers	I-Protocol
were	O
operated	O
by	O
the	O
community	O
of	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
,	O
providing	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
access	O
freely	O
for	O
everyone	O
,	O
without	O
any	O
limitation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
did	O
not	O
serve	O
additional	O
TLDs	O
but	O
only	O
the	O
regular	O
ICANN	B-Application
TLDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
public	O
DNS	B-Protocol
servers	I-Protocol
were	O
intended	O
to	O
respect	O
privacy	O
and	O
should	O
not	O
have	O
logged	O
usage	O
,	O
although	O
these	O
servers	O
were	O
run	O
independently	O
and	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
technical	O
means	O
by	O
which	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
could	O
enforce	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anyone	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
choose	O
to	O
run	O
an	O
OSRN	O
public	O
DNS	B-Protocol
server	I-Protocol
and	O
submit	O
it	O
via	O
web	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
DNS	B-Protocol
servers	I-Protocol
were	O
an	O
alternative	O
option	O
for	O
users	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
local	O
ORSN-ready	O
server	O
or	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
that	O
the	O
local	O
ISP	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ORSN	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORSN	B-Protocol
Public	O
DNS	B-Protocol
data	O
last	O
updated	O
on	O
18	O
October	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
