<s>
Open	B-Library
Library	I-Library
is	O
an	O
online	O
project	O
intended	O
to	O
create	O
"	O
one	O
web	O
page	O
for	O
every	O
book	O
ever	O
published	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Created	O
by	O
Aaron	O
Swartz	O
,	O
Brewster	O
Kahle	O
,	O
Alexis	O
Rossi	O
,	O
Anand	O
Chitipothu	O
,	O
and	O
Rebecca	O
Malamud	O
,	O
Open	B-Library
Library	I-Library
is	O
a	O
project	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
Archive	O
,	O
a	O
nonprofit	O
organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Library
Library	I-Library
provides	O
online	O
digital	O
copies	O
in	O
multiple	O
formats	O
,	O
created	O
from	O
images	O
of	O
many	O
public	O
domain	O
,	O
out-of-print	O
,	O
and	O
in-print	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
book	O
information	O
is	O
collected	O
from	O
the	O
Library	O
of	O
Congress	O
,	O
other	O
libraries	O
,	O
and	O
Amazon.com,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
from	O
user	O
contributions	O
through	O
a	O
wiki-like	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
copies	O
of	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
each	O
scanned	O
book	O
are	O
distributed	O
as	O
encrypted	O
e-books	O
(	O
created	O
from	O
images	O
of	O
scanned	O
pages	O
)	O
,	O
audiobooks	O
and	O
streaming	O
audio	O
(	O
created	O
from	O
the	O
page	O
images	O
using	O
OCR	O
and	O
text-to-speech	O
software	O
)	O
,	O
unencrypted	O
images	O
of	O
full	O
pages	O
from	O
OpenLibrary.org	B-Library
and	O
Archive.org,	O
and	O
APIs	O
for	O
automated	O
downloading	O
of	O
page	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Library
Library	I-Library
claims	O
to	O
have	O
over	O
20	O
million	O
records	O
in	O
its	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
total	O
,	O
the	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
offers	O
copies	O
of	O
over	O
1.4	O
million	O
books	O
for	O
what	O
it	O
calls	O
"	O
digital	O
lending	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
critics	O
have	O
called	O
distribution	O
of	O
digital	O
copies	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
copyright	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Library
Library	I-Library
began	O
in	O
2006	O
with	O
Aaron	O
Swartz	O
as	O
the	O
original	O
engineer	O
and	O
leader	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
's	O
technical	O
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
codebase	O
is	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
site	O
uses	O
Infobase	O
,	O
its	O
own	O
database	O
framework	O
based	O
on	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Infogami	O
,	O
its	O
own	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
engine	I-Protocol
written	O
in	O
Python	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
week	O
of	O
October	O
21	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
the	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
website	O
introduced	O
a	O
Book	O
Sponsorship	O
program	O
,	O
which	O
according	O
to	O
Cory	O
Doctorow	O
,	O
"	O
lets	O
you	O
direct	O
a	O
cash	O
donation	O
to	O
pay	O
for	O
the	O
purchase	O
and	O
scanning	O
of	O
any	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
return	O
,	O
you	O
are	O
first	O
in	O
line	O
to	O
check	O
that	O
book	O
out	O
when	O
it	O
is	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
anyone	O
who	O
holds	O
an	O
Open	B-Library
Library	I-Library
library	O
card	O
can	O
check	O
it	O
out.	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
has	O
justified	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
offer	O
full	O
contents	O
of	O
books	O
in	O
digital	O
formats	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
first-sale	O
doctrine	O
and	O
fair	O
use	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
owns	O
a	O
physical	O
copy	O
of	O
each	O
book	O
that	O
they	O
have	O
made	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
argue	O
that	O
the	O
lending	O
out	O
of	O
one	O
digital	O
scan	O
of	O
the	O
book	O
in	O
a	O
controlled	O
manner	O
falls	O
within	O
the	O
first-sale	O
doctrine	O
,	O
a	O
practice	O
known	O
as	O
Controlled	O
Digital	O
Lending	O
and	O
in	O
use	O
by	O
multiple	O
public	O
and	O
academic	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
its	O
launch	O
,	O
the	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
has	O
been	O
accused	O
of	O
mass	O
copyright	O
violation	O
by	O
numerous	O
groups	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
American	O
Authors	O
Guild	O
,	O
the	O
British	O
Society	O
of	O
Authors	O
,	O
the	O
Australian	O
Society	O
of	O
Authors	O
,	O
the	O
Science	O
Fiction	O
and	O
Fantasy	O
Writers	O
of	O
America	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
National	O
Writers	O
Union	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
coalition	O
of	O
37	O
national	O
and	O
international	O
organizations	O
of	O
"	O
writers	O
,	O
translators	O
,	O
photographers	O
,	O
and	O
graphic	O
artists	O
;	O
unions	O
,	O
organizations	O
,	O
and	O
federations	O
representing	O
the	O
creators	O
of	O
works	O
included	O
in	O
published	O
books	O
;	O
book	O
publishers	O
;	O
and	O
reproduction	O
rights	O
and	O
public	O
lending	O
rights	O
organizations	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UK	O
Society	O
of	O
Authors	O
threatened	O
legal	O
action	O
in	O
2019	O
unless	O
the	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
agreed	O
to	O
cease	O
distribution	O
of	O
copyrighted	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
further	O
came	O
under	O
criticism	O
from	O
several	O
authors	O
and	O
publishers	O
groups	O
when	O
it	O
created	O
the	O
National	O
Emergency	O
Library	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
in	O
March	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
these	O
circumstances	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Emergency	O
Library	O
removed	O
the	O
waitlists	O
of	O
all	O
books	O
in	O
its	O
Open	B-Library
Library	I-Library
collection	O
and	O
allowed	O
any	O
number	O
of	O
digital	O
copies	O
of	O
a	O
book	O
to	O
be	O
downloaded	O
as	O
an	O
encrypted	O
file	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
unusable	O
after	O
two	O
weeks	O
,	O
asserting	O
that	O
this	O
unlimited	O
borrowing	O
was	O
a	O
reasonable	O
exception	O
under	O
the	O
national	O
emergency	O
to	O
allow	O
educational	O
functions	O
to	O
continue	O
since	O
physical	O
libraries	O
and	O
bookstores	O
were	O
forced	O
to	O
be	O
shuttered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
asserted	O
that	O
the	O
copies	O
of	O
entire	O
books	O
in	O
e-book	O
format	O
were	O
still	O
encrypted	O
and	O
the	O
unlimited	O
borrowing	O
was	O
for	O
educational	O
purposes	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Writers	O
Union	O
asserted	O
that	O
images	O
of	O
each	O
page	O
of	O
each	O
book	O
could	O
still	O
be	O
accessed	O
on	O
the	O
Web	O
without	O
encryption	O
or	O
other	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
major	O
publishers	O
—	O
Hachette	O
,	O
Penguin	O
Random	O
House	O
,	O
John	O
Wiley	O
&	O
Sons	O
,	O
and	O
HarperCollins	O
,	O
all	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Association	O
of	O
American	O
Publishers	O
—	O
filed	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
in	O
the	O
Southern	O
New	O
York	O
Federal	O
District	O
Court	O
against	O
the	O
Internet	O
Archive	O
in	O
June	O
2020	O
,	O
asserting	O
the	B-Library
Open	I-Library
Library	I-Library
project	O
violated	O
numerous	O
copyrights	O
.	O
</s>
